fog signals yacht

• Yachting World
• Digital Edition

Sailing in fog: Pro navigator Mike Broughton shares his top tips

• November 26, 2020

Just a few minutes of sailing in dense fog takes most sailors well out of their comfort zones: it’s disorientating and, quite frankly, scary for many. Here are some tips on how to prepare for, and deal with, a ‘pea soup’

Sailing in fog can be exhausting and disorientating. Photo: Carlo Borlenghi

At sea, fog can be summed up as condensed water vapour or just thick cloud on the surface. Sea fog, or advection fog, forms when relatively warm moist air moves over colder water and cools to its dew point temperature, causing the air to saturate.

Unlike land fog, or radiation fog, sea fog can occur at any time of day and still exist with quite strong winds. It only really clears with a change of air mass – usually with the passage of a cold front. Without the passage of a cold front, it can last for days.

While radiation fog usually occurs on cold, still winter days, sea fog or advection fog is more prevalent in early summer. June can be a particularly bad month in the English Channel , when the water is still relatively cold, with warm moist air coming up from the south-west.

These Sat24.com website images reveal that what appears to be cloud in the satellite view…

Looking out for the forecasts of fog is important, but one simple trick is to go online and use satellite imagery. Sat24.com is a great website to see the last three hours of visual imagery, where fog often shows as a dull, grey and featureless cloud. Next, do a quick comparison with the infra-red satellite imagery and the fog seems to miraculously disappear, whereas other clouds tops still show up.

This is due to the fog being approximately the same temperature as the sea, hence giving a neat confirmation of the existence of fog on the visual picture. You can then return to the visual imagery and more accurately plot the extent of the fog and potentially take avoiding action.

Caught in fog

If you unexpectedly end up sailing in fog, first consider whether you need to keep heading further into it? Would it make more sense to do a quick 180° turn and head back out into clearer visibility?

…is in fact fog that disappears in the infrared view as shown here in the Celtic Sea and North Atlantic

Once we realise we’re sailing in fog, we need to work through a checklist of actions. Note your compass heading. Do we need a more experienced helmsman? It’s easy to quickly find you’re 30° or 40° off course and not notice. Steering is more exacting and even exhausting.

Could it be less stressful to use the autopilot , to allow you to focus on lookout? Just be ready to immediately switch to manual if you need to at a moment’s notice.

Slowing down is certainly good seamanship and the requirement to proceed at a safe speed appropriate to the conditions is detailed clearly in the International Regulations for the Prevention of Collision at Sea (IRPCS Rule 6 – Safe Speed).

Article continues below…

Weather expert Chris Tibbs on how to predict and cope with fog at sea

Radar and AIS help to make navigating in fog safer, but it is still an unnerving experience to sail in…

Navigation briefing: Mike Broughton explains why you still need radar

In a recent feature in Yachting World, my friend and highly respected yachting journalist Ed Gorman wrote a revealing article…

With an increased risk of collision, it’s good practise to ensure everyone is wearing a lifejacket . Maintaining a proper lookout is essential. In ‘pea soup’ fog, stationing a person forwards near the bow can help enormously. If motoring, the bow is a good place to escape the noise to allow the lookout crew member to listen for fog signals, or other hazards. On several occasions when I’ve been sailing in fog, the lookout at the bow has provided vital information to avoid a hazard or navigation mark.

In areas of dense shipping, remember to look up as well as straight ahead, I’m sure I am not the only person to have sighted a large vessel from the helm at the angle of the first spreader!

When ‘in or near areas of restricted visibility’ IRPCS states we shall make the prescribed sound signal, which for sailing vessels is one long blast, followed by two short blasts at intervals not more than two minutes. We need to have a working knowledge of sound signals of other vessels: many don’t appreciate that the fog signal for yachts is the same as vessels involved with fishing, towing, and even vessels ‘constrained by draught’ and ‘not under command’.

Make yourself visible

To help other ships see us, our best chance is to ensure we are clearly seen by the equipment on the bridge, which is radar and AIS (automated information system). Radar is a great help, but not all yachts have it, and it does take concerted focus and an understanding of how best to use it. Nearly all yachts have radar reflectors. Disappointingly tests have shown radar reflectors are not as effective at enhancing our radar signature as many people think. Active radar transponders show up much better.

AIS has been a real step change to aid collision avoidance when sailing in fog, though always remember that not all vessels use it and it is only an aid, albeit a very useful one. AIS can give the speed and course of a vessel as well as the closest point of approach (CPA) and time to the CPA: this is really useful data when navigating in fog. AIS also gives the vessel name, call sign, type and size.

Navigation lights are essential in foggy conditions. In a really thick fog the bow navigation lights can reflect back off the fog, leaving you with an eerie red or green glow.

Do you know how to make the prescribed sound signal in restricted visibility?

The amount of radio traffic tends to rise when sailing in fog, though beware using VHF radio to communicate with the watch keeper of another vessel, which can be fraught with problems.

There have been at least three occasions in the Dover Straits where watch keepers have opted to use radio to try to negotiate collision avoidance, which has ended unhappily in a collision!

These have often come about through misidentification and language difficulties, when both watch keepers should have prioritised normal rules of the road and not allowed themselves to be distracted in an important close quarters situation.

One tactic for dealing with fog on small vessels is to head away from busy shipping channels and sail to shallow water and anchor. Once tethered to the seabed remember to sound your fog signal (for vessels over 12m, ringing a bell for five seconds every minute). Many sailors may not be familiar with the additional signal of one short, one long, one short blast that can be made after the bell if you are concerned of a risk of collision while you are an anchor.

Stopping and racing in fog

Racing in fog creates extra challenges. Fog by night can take you by surprise and it is easy to lose hard fought gains, if the helmsperson loses awareness. If you have the choice of tacking into fog or not when racing, I would take the clear option every time: humans concentrate better when they can see.

The disorientation and confusion that sailing fog can create can easily generate high levels of stress. Mat Sweetman, captain of the J Class yacht Rainbow , suggests: “It is easy to get freaked out in fog, [but] look at is as if it was just a dark night and it gets a whole load less stressful.”

One clue as to the existence of fog at night is an absence of ambient lights and low altitude stars. If you are on the helm and getting close to fog, it is a good idea to start a scan of your yacht instruments. Like a pilot flying into cloud, it is imperative to ‘believe in your instruments’.

A regular scan is most effective but is both tiring and exacting over a long period of time. On top of normal sailing skills such as utilising the feel of your helm, tell tales (if you can still see them) and heel angle, we now need to bring in regular glances at true wind angle, boat speed, and heading. Working out a pattern for your scan is a good discipline for sailing in fog.

Sea fog is renowned over the Grand Banks. On the Transatlantic Race in 2005, fog prevailed for over six days with sustained wind speeds of 25-30 knots. Visibility was mostly less than 150 metres. Sailing in fog for nearly a week is tough going!

Using radar for collision avoidance

• Periodically cycle through the ranges and don’t leave it just on long range. Zoom in to only three miles in busy shipping and even closer when tracking a vessel of interest.
• Leave the sensitivity and clutter settings on auto. Modern radars handle them well.
• If you want to look through a rain cloud, alter ‘rain clutter’ control very briefly, then revert it to automatic every time.
• Use a split screen with radar on dual range, or radar and chartplotter lined up alongside, or radar ‘overlaid’ on the chartplotter.
• Experiment with this before you hit fog.
• Consider setting up an alarm zone to help you detect contacts.
• If your radar display is below decks, have a tested system for communicating to the helm. Some yachts use a private VHF channel.
• Stay clear of busy ferry routes

First published in the November 2020 issue of Yachting World.

• How to sail and navigate through fog safely

Fog at sea can be far more treacherous than rough conditions with high winds and large waves, particularly  for smaller vessels. Visibility may be almost zero, increasing the risk of colliding with other boats, the shore, or other obstacles. If fog draws in at sea, your first priority should be to ensure the safety of your crew, start using appropriate signals and take steps to make your boat as visible as possible.

Orientate yourself in fog using all your senses

Poor or near-zero visibility may be the main concern when navigating in fog , but it is not the only challenge for the crew. Fog also distorts and dampens sound, causing it to reflect and travel in unusual ways which can make it difficult to determine which direction a sound is coming from. Even with sophisticated technology like navigation, GPS, and radar, it is possible to lose track of a boat's position and its heading in foggy conditions.

But that doesn't mean that sailing in fog is impossible. It just places significantly greater demands on the sailors and their experience and ability. In general, if the fog is close to shore and you are not sure if it will clear at sea, it is worth postponing departure from the marina or anchorage. If you are caught by fog at sea , several steps should be taken to maintain safety and minimize potential damage, based on sailing regulations as well as the expertise of experienced mariners.

The first steps to take when the fog starts rolling in

Avoid sailing in fog if you can, especially if sailing is more of a leisure activity for you and you haven't logged thousands of nautical miles. This means watching the weather forecast  before setting sail and, if necessary, using your experience to judge whether fog is likely to develop during your trip. If there is already fog in port, it is better to wait until it clears so you can enjoy the beauty of sailing unhindered.

Out at sea, however, fog can easily catch you off guard and if this happens, you must act quickly. The safety of the crew comes first. All members should be fully-clothed and wearing life jackets, because, in the event of a collision, there may be no time to get dressed. Crew members should be secured to the boat using safety lines or harnesses that are loose enough to allow movement around the boat and easy to undo. Safety harnesses are essential because if someone falls overboard   in fog, it will be near impossible to find them in the sea.

YACHTING.COM TIP: Do you know how to rescue a person who has fallen overboard? Despite all safeguards, sometimes it is unavoidable, so every crew member should know exactly what to do. Go over the main guidelines and steps to take in our article — Man Over Board (MOB): a step-by-step guide .

Turn on the radar reflector and navigation lights so the boat can be seen in the fog

As well as ensuring the safety of the crew, it is also crucial to focus on the boat itself and minimise the risk of collision . The moment fog sets in, the skipper or navigator should plot the boat's position as precisely as possible on the chart or determine its most likely position. The radar reflector should be switched on. If it is not fixed on the boat, place it as high as possible on the rigging. As the vast majority of vessels on the open sea use radar to avoid a collision, this will increase the chances of being noticed by a passing vessel. Next, turn on your navigation lights.

Don't forget to sound signals in fog

It is not just enough to improve the visibility of your boat; you also need to sound the signals  prescribed by international law.

These are the usual sound signals in fog:

Under sail: one long and two short blasts every 2 minutes

Under engine power: two long blasts every 2 minutes

Unmanageable vessel, vessel with restricted movement: one long tone and two short blasts every two minutes

At anchor: ring the bell rapidly for 5 seconds every minute (one short, one long and one short ring)

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Use your eyes.

Even though visibility is greatly reduced in foggy conditions, it is still important to keep a watchful eye on the situation  rather than relying solely on radar and navigation systems. The ideal place to be is out on the deck, where the glass in the windows and the glow of the monitors won't impair your view. Depending on the type of fog, visibility is usually best at the surface or at height.

Don't be afraid to move around the deck to find the best vantage point with the best visibility. At least one crew member should be monitoring the situation, ideally more, and another person should be assigned to the radar to keep an eye on it constantly. If you are sailing in fog at night , you can further improve the visibility of the boat by shining or flashing lights onto the sails using a powerful flashlight.

YACHTING.COM TIP: Are you concerned about encountering foggy conditions at sea and don't have enough experience sailing in more demanding conditions? Rent one of our charter boats along with an experienced skipper and enjoy a stress-free sailing holiday. Our sales team will be happy to help you with both.

Get to know fog with your ears

Fog not only reduces overall visibility, it also distorts the way sound travels . A sound can easily be perceived as coming from a short distance ahead when in reality it is a warning signal coming from far behind you. This is why it pays to use all of your senses as well as the available technology  to navigate through the fog and reach safe waters.

Hearing is an important sense when navigating fog, especially when combined with sailing know-how. One proven strategy adopted by experienced sailors is setting an appropriate course . Generally, sound carries downwind so if you're heading upwind, you have a better chance of hearing any sound signals ahead of you. Conversely, if you are travelling downwind, the sound will carry with you, making it much harder to detect and identify its source.

If you are not travelling under sail but using engine power , aim to cruise at a slower speed of around 3 to 5 knots (depending on the conditions). This means the engine will not drown out surrounding sounds. Turn off the engine every now and again and listen for any sounds or signals. In some cases, sound may get lost even when just two people are talking. It is therefore important to keep your ears open and monitor the situation closely. Of course, it is essential you know the fog sound  signals described above, as well as the signals emitted by the neighbouring buoys, lighthouses and other marked sites, in order to navigate safely and prevent a collision.

YACHTING.COM TIP: Lighthouses are extremely useful when sailing in foggy conditions. Did you know that each has its own specific sound and light signals? Plus, they are real architectural gems, so take a look at our article on the   15 beautiful lighthouses you must visit .

Feel your surroundings with your whole body

To some extent, even your sense of touch or the sensations on your skin can assist you to navigate fog. And, while this is more of a supplementary aid when trying to get to a port or anchorage safely, every little thing counts.

Keep in mind that fog is caused by significant differences between air and sea/land temperatures . Therefore, you should head for a place where these differences are not so marked. Focus on how the air feels on your skin . For example, if the air feels warm while the water is cold, head for shallower waters where the sea is likely to be warmer and closer to the air temperature. Conversely, if the air is cool, head for the open sea where there is more depth and the water is cooler. 10–15

Don't forget your sense of smell

Even if you can't see or hear anything, smells may tell you a lot about what's going on around you. Smell is a complementary sense that can help you pinpoint the location of something that does not produce a sound. For example, the smell of fish can indicate the proximity of a fishing boat, just like diesel fumes can indicate the presence of a motorboat or boat nearby, etc.

YACHTING.COM TIP: Wondering what type of signals to use when sailing in fog? Sign up for a sailing course with us and learn everything you need to know under experienced professionals.

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Electronics and modern technology on board.

Most boats nowadays are equipped with modern navigation systems and equipment , (such as radar, GPS, radio, etc.) that pinpoint your current position and the position of vessels or obstacles around you. Electronics on board are of a very high standard, but they are not omnipotent. So, always  consider electronics as an aid  and a reference point, rather than the absolute truth. 

Onboard radar system monitors for potential obstacles and other vessels

The moment fog rolls in, you should immediately turn on the radar . If you do not have it permanently installed on your boat, place it as far up on the rigging as possible to maximise its range. One crew member should be assigned to constantly monitor the radar  and report to the helmsman or skipper about the presence of other vessels or hazards. Communication should be brief and to the point so that the helmsman can remain focussed on what they can see and hear around them.

GPS will help you to navigate your yacht

GPS is now the standard method of finding your location and searching for routes, even on smartphones, so it's no surprise that it's also an essential piece of equipment on a boat . However, like other electronic systems, GPS can be incorrect or inaccurate, especially when determining precise position or speed. Therefore, always use GPS in combination with your own observations . If you have a choice, go a GPS system that allows you to see where you had previously been sailing. When sailing in fog, this can be a useful way of finding your way back. Simply sail back in the opposite direction along your original course.

Radio can provide other useful information

An onboard radio is standard on most boats and is a useful aid when sailing in fog . If you have access to all the data you need, you can use the radio to communicate your position and intentions to nearby boats. This usually includes the name of the ship, its type and size, position (latitude and longitude), course and speed. To avoid any misunderstandings or distractions to you or other boats, always use simple and clear sentences in radio communication.

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Faq how to sail in fog.

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Fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes can make conditions that hamper visibility. Sound signals for vessels in restricted visibility, whether underway, at anchor or aground, day or night, are the subject of Rule 35 ( COLREGS ). The bell and gong are added into the mix of whistle sounds used as options for restricted visibility signals. Rule 35 is fairly complex, and it is advised to have a highlighter in hand while reading through it.

The Rules of the Road state when underway ‘vessels shall sound at intervals of not more than two minutes’ the prescribed sound signal.

Why a two minute rule? A requirement for all vessels is to maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing. In restricted visibility, the two minutes allows the look-out to listen for sound signals from other vessels groping their way through the fog. COLREGS lists the following sound signals for vessels underway:

• A power-driven vessel making way shall sound one prolonged blast.
• A power-driven vessel underway but stopped shall sound two prolonged blasts.
• A pilot vessel , engaged in pilotage duty, may also sound four short blasts in addition to the sound signals required by a power-driven vessel.
• Vessels that are encumbered , due to their maneuverability or their ranking in the hierarchy of responsibilities between vessels in Rule 18, shall sound one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. These encumbered vessels are those not under command, restricted in their ability maneuver due to their work, constrained by draft, sailing , engaged in commercial fishing and towing or pushing another vessel.

• If a vessel being towed is manned, that tow or barge shall sound one prolonged blast followed by three short blasts. The tug itself first sounds its own signal for an encumbered vessel, and if possible, the manned tow sounds its own signal immediately after.
• While at anchor , ringing the ship’s bell rapidly for about five seconds at intervals of no more than one minute is the primary sound signal for smaller vessels.
• Larger vessels, those 100m (328ft) or more in length, also use a gong.

For these large yachts and ships, the bell is rapidly sounded from the foredeck, and immediately followed by the gong sounded rapidly from the afterdeck, both for about five seconds.

• In addition, any vessel at anchor can also sound one short, one prolonged and one short blasts as a collision avoidance warning.

There are two classes of working vessels that do not use the bell and gong signals while at anchor.

Commercial fishing boats that are fishing while at anchor, and vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver that are carrying out their work while at anchor must use the encumbered vessel sound signal of one prolonged and two short blasts.

• If aground , a vessel shall give the bell signal and if required the (at anchor) gong signal prescribed … and shall, in addition, give three separate and distinct strokes on the bell immediately before and after the rapid ringing of the bell.

To further finesse Rule 35, The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (IRPCS), doesn’t oblige the bell signals to be used at anchor and when aground for vessels 12m (39ft) or more, but less than 20m (65.6ft) in length. Instead, she shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than two minutes.

Vessels less than 12m LOA are NOT required to use any of the sound signals required for vessels in restricted visibility. They also can make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than two minutes.

With the large number of sound signals available for use in restricted visibility, remembering all the possibilities can be difficult. Trying to quickly look up a sound signal heard in the fog by turning to Rule 35 in COLREGS can be a bit of a challenge.

A good alternative is to use one of the many laminated visual shorthand versions of COLREGS sold at ship chandleries.

For sound signals, a Morse code dot represents the short blast of about one-second duration. And a Morse code dash represents the prolonged blast of four to six seconds long.

Here’s the link to reference the Related, Rule 34 describing maneuvering and warning for powered vessels underweigh in international waters

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Xclusive News

Foggy adventures: yachting in low visibility.

• 26 May 2023

Introduction

What is fog and its characteristics?

Yachting in foggy conditions: Challenges and precautions

Safety concerns

Navigation difficulties

Reduced visibility and its impact

Importance of proper navigation equipment

Radar systems

GPS technology

AIS (Automatic Identification System)

Safety measures for yachting in fog

Maintaining a safe speed

Sounding fog signals

Deploying radar reflectors

Communication protocols in foggy conditions

Use of VHF radio

Fog horns and sound signals

Tips for yachting in foggy weather

Planning ahead

• Keeping a lookout

Using visual aids

The beauty of foggy adventures

• Serene ambiance
• Unique photo opportunities

Picture yourself gliding across calm waters, the gentle sway of the yacht beneath you, and a sense of serenity in the air. Yachting is an exhilarating experience, but have you ever considered embarking on a foggy adventure? While low visibility may seem daunting, it adds an element of mystery and tranquility to your maritime journey. In this article, we will explore the thrill and challenges of yachting in foggy conditions, along with essential safety precautions and navigation techniques.

Fog, a natural phenomenon characterized by suspended water droplets, reduces visibility and poses unique challenges for sailors. Yachting in fog requires careful planning, vigilance, and appropriate safety measures to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Let's delve deeper into the intricacies of yachting in low visibility.

Fog occurs when moist air cools down, causing the water vapor to condense into tiny water droplets suspended in the air. Fog can vary in density, ranging from a light mist to a thick blanket of white. It often forms near bodies of water or in areas with temperature inversions, where the air near the ground is cooler than the air above it.

Yachting in fog presents safety concerns due to reduced visibility and the potential for collisions with other vessels or obstacles. The limited sight range makes it crucial to take extra precautions and be aware of your surroundings.

Navigating in fog can be challenging since landmarks and navigational aids are often obscured. Traditional visual navigation techniques become ineffective, requiring alternative methods to ensure safe passage.

Low visibility in foggy conditions restricts the range at which you can spot other vessels, navigational hazards, or changes in the environment. This reduced visibility can significantly impact reaction time and necessitates heightened situational awareness.

To safely navigate in fog, equipping your yacht with appropriate navigation aids is essential. Here are some key tools that can enhance your safety and confidence in low visibility:

Radar systems emit radio waves and detect objects, including other vessels, landmasses, or buoys. They provide valuable information about the proximity and movement of objects, helping you avoid potential collisions.

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology allows precise positioning of your yacht, aiding in navigation when visual cues are obscured. GPS provides real-time information about your location, course, and speed, helping you stay on track.

AIS is a system that uses VHF radio frequencies to exchange information between vessels, including their identification, position, course, and speed. It enhances situational awareness and helps prevent collisions by providing valuable data about nearby ships.

When yachting in foggy conditions, it is crucial to follow specific safety measures to mitigate risks. Here are some essential precautions to consider:

Reduced visibility requires slowing down to maintain control and allow ample reaction time. By operating at a safe speed, you can maneuver your yacht effectively and respond promptly to any potential dangers.

Fog signals, such as horn blasts or bell tolls, alert other vessels to your presence and indicate your position in low visibility. Regularly sounding these signals helps prevent collisions by ensuring that others are aware of your presence.

Radar reflectors increase the visibility of your yacht on radar systems, making it easier for other vessels to detect you. Properly positioning and deploying radar reflectors significantly enhance your visibility and reduce the chances of accidents.

Effective communication is crucial for safe yachting in fog. The following communication protocols can help maintain situational awareness and prevent collisions:

VHF radios are essential for communicating with other vessels and monitoring marine distress channels. Staying connected and relaying important information, such as your position or intentions, is vital for safe navigation.

In foggy conditions, the use of fog horns and sound signals is mandatory to alert nearby vessels of your presence. Familiarize yourself with the appropriate sound signals and use them consistently to ensure safety.

While yachting in foggy conditions can present challenges, with proper preparation and caution, it can also be a unique and rewarding experience. Here are some tips to enhance your foggy adventure:

Before setting sail, check weather reports and forecasts for foggy conditions. Plan your route carefully, considering alternative navigation aids and potential sheltered areas. Inform someone ashore about your itinerary and estimated time of arrival.

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Maintain a vigilant lookout, continuously scanning the surroundings for any signs of other vessels, landmasses, or navigational hazards. Assign a dedicated lookout, if possible, to ensure maximum awareness.

Utilize visual aids, such as binoculars and powerful searchlights, to enhance your visibility range. These tools can help you spot distant objects or signs of potential danger, giving you more time to react.

While yachting in fog may pose challenges, it also offers unique beauty and captivating moments. Embrace the serene ambiance created by the mist, and seize the opportunity for stunning photographs that capture the ethereal atmosphere.

Embarking on a foggy adventure while yacht rental in Dubai can be a mesmerizing experience. By understanding the challenges, implementing safety measures, and utilizing proper navigation equipment, you can navigate through low visibility conditions with confidence. Remember to plan ahead, communicate effectively, and maintain a vigilant lookout to ensure a safe and enjoyable journey.

1. Can yachting in fog be dangerous?

Yachting in foggy conditions can present additional risks due to reduced visibility and potential navigational challenges. However, with proper precautions and safety measures, the risks can be minimized, allowing for a safe experience.

2. How does fog affect navigation?

Fog restricts visibility, making it difficult to spot other vessels, navigational aids, or hazards. Traditional visual navigation techniques become ineffective, requiring alternative methods such as radar systems and GPS technology.

3. What safety equipment should I have on board in foggy conditions?

In foggy conditions, it is important to have essential safety equipment such as radar systems, GPS technology, AIS, fog horns, and radar reflectors. These tools enhance visibility, improve communication, and aid in collision avoidance.

4. Are there any specific rules for yachting in foggy weather?

While there are no specific rules solely for yachting in foggy weather, it is essential to follow general safety protocols, maintain a safe speed, use sound signals, and communicate effectively with other vessels.

5. Can foggy adventures be enjoyable despite the challenges?

Yes, foggy adventures can be incredibly enjoyable and memorable. The ethereal ambiance, unique photo opportunities, and the sense of tranquility add an extra dimension to your yachting experience, making it truly special.

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Yachting Monthly

• Digital edition

How to keep clear of shipping in fog

• James Stevens
• November 6, 2023

James Stevens considers a problem sent in by a Yachting Monthly reader who wants to know how to keep clear of shipping in fog?

Anne is regretting attempting an ambitious passage from Penzance to Plymouth in Flinders, her 8m yacht with her husband as crew. There was a good breeze at the start of the trip, but the wind died and progress has been slow under power.

Instead of arriving at dusk Flinders is approaching Plymouth in the early hours, and, to make the passage harder after a long day, they have just entered a fog bank. Anne is navigating using an iPad. There is no radar or AIS on board. As Plymouth is their home port they know the way in to the west of the breakwater which is marked by a lighthouse with a foghorn. Anne was hoping to pick up the light to guide them in but it is not visible.

They can hear a foghorn, in fact they can hear several foghorns, and Anne is unsure which one is the lighthouse.

Flinders has rounded the Draystone red buoy, and, according to Anne’s iPad, they should be heading towards the breakwater with Knap green buoy coming up on the starboard side. They are now about one mile from the breakwater light and can just detect the loom of the light through the fog.

At this moment there is a very loud fog horn which appears to be dead ahead. What does Anne do now?

It is almost certainly a ship, so immediate action is needed. The safest course is a turn to starboard. If in doubt and under power it is always safer to make a starboard turn to avoid a collision. In this case, Anne needs to get out of the shipping channel and the quickest way to do that is to put the green buoy on her port side and hide behind the breakwater.

The chart and almanac will describe how the horn on the breakwater light will blast every 15 seconds. Ships, on the other hand, sound their fog signals every two minutes and sometimes more frequently if other vessels are close.

The ship should pick up the yacht on its radar in calm conditions and will probably slow down and make a starboard turn in order to avoid it. It would have been much safer for the yacht to avoid the main channel and keep outside the buoys marking it. In this case it would have been easier to have entered Plymouth keeping the red buoys on the starboard side of the yacht.

It’s worth considering that in the open sea in rough weather small yachts do not always show up on a ship’s radar.

This was the case when a Sailfish 25 called Ouzo collided with a P&O ferry south of the Isle of Wight at night in 2006. In fog in the open sea, a yacht on a collision course with a ship which is steaming at 25 knots will hear the ship’s fog signal only twice before it strikes.

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Sound signals in reduced visibility (fog)

The best way to remember these sound signals is to split them by ship condition:   1. Making way and unrestricted in their ability to manoeuvre:   2. Making way but restricted in their ability to manoeuvre;   3. At anchor or underway but not making way; or finally aground

The first set - Making way and unrestricted in their ability to manoeuvre

The only boats classed as unrestricted in their ability to manoeuvre are power boats of all shapes and sizes, making way, but not engaged in any restrictive works such as fishing, dredging or towing, nor constrained by their draft.

Ships in this state all should make the same sound signal : One long blast every two minutes or less.

A ship or boat that is merely stationary but not at anchor (underway, but not making way) gives two long blasts every two minutes or less.

A pilot boat, for some reason, is allowed to add a further signal to its powerboat sound � four short blasts.

You don´t have to worry to much about the size of the vessel. The blast the Queen Mary II makes will not be confused with the sound your berth neighbour´s Sea Ray emits.

It is worth remembering the very large ships can neither turn, stop or reverse in order to avoid you. So if you hear a ‘large vessel blast’ you should be extra alert.

The second set � Making way but restricted in their ability to manoeuvre

This covers lots of boat types. Power boats engaged in work that makes them less manoeuvrable such as boats fishing, dredging, and towing, ships constrained by their draft and all sailing boats.

These ships and boats sound as follows. One long blast followed immediately by two short blasts (again, every two minutes or less).

Towing vessels should make an additional sound signal to alert other shipping to the extra hazard they represent. While the towing vessel makes the sound for a vessel restricted in its ability to manoeuvre, the vessel being towed has a sound signal all of its own and that is one long blast followed immediately by THREE short blasts. These sounds should be co-ordinated into a set. The towing vessel should do its one long and two short and then, after a SHORT pause, the vessel being towed should emit one long and three short blasts.

The third set: At anchor or aground

Ships under 100m, at anchor, ring a bell for 5 seconds at least every minute. Ships longer than 100m ring the bell at the bow end and follow it with beating a gong for five seconds at the stern.

If the ship is aground, rather than at anchor, it should preceed and follow the rapid ringing with three single strikes. If over 100m, the same goes for the gong.

If they become concerned that an approaching vessel is on a collision course, they may add one short, one long and one short blast from their hooter.

That means that a ship over 100m aground and alarmed you might be on a collision course will do the following:   1. Three distinct strikes of a bell;   2. Rapid ringing of the bell for 5 sec;   3. Three distinct strikes of the bell;   4. Three distinct strikes of the gong;   5. Rapid striking of the gong for 5 sec;   6. Three distinct strikes of the gong; and   7. One short, one, long and one short blast from its hooter.

That ought to get your attention!

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Tips on Boating Safely in the Fog

Fog can develop quickly, reducing visibility to just a few yards and leaving you confused about your boat’s position and the obstructions around you.  Limited visibility raises the risk of a collision, so it’s important to adapt to the conditions and take preventive action.  Here are 5 steps to remember when the weather closes in:

1. Slow Down or Stop. You need to be able to avoid what appears in front of you, and you won’t be able to do that if you are zooming around. The old saying, “Be able to stop in half the distance of visibility” is very good advice.  Remember, slower is better!

If you find yourself with virtually no visibility and don’t feel confident of your ability to navigate through the thick stuff, there’s only one appropriate strategy: stop. If you’re in a high-traffic area, in shallow water close to shore, or in a shipping lane, then you should almost certainly proceed slowly out of harm’s way, plotting and following a compass course that will take you directly to safer and, ideally, sheltered water to drop anchor. Don’t forget to ring your bell for 5 seconds every minute while at anchor. Post as many lookouts as you have on board and listen intently for the sounds of other vessels.  If you hear a vessel approaching, sound the optional one short – one prolonged – one short blast to notify them of your presence.

2. Make Your Presence Known.  Turn on your navigation lights and make some noise. Fog signals must be sounded, the time interval specified in the Navigation Rules is the minimum:

Vessel                                                                                            Required Sound Signal

Power-driven vessel making way                                          One prolonged blast every two minutes

Power-driven vessel not making way (stopped)                 Two prolonged blasts every two minutes with

                                                                                                            a one second interval between them

Sailing Vessel, vessel restricted in ability                             One prolonged blast followed by two shorts

3. Post a Lookout.  A crew member on the bow has the advantage of not looking through clear curtains or a windshield. Plus, he or she is closer to any boat, marker or flotsam you might encounter so will see it first.  If possible, post a lookout at the stern as well, and have them swap locations periodically to keep them sharp.

4. Listen.  Boats, buoys and lighthouses all make noise, and you’ll hear them before you see them. Slamming screen doors, crashing surf or the music of an ice cream truck can help you zone in on land.  Of course, you can’t hear any of this with the motor roaring, so slow down.  If your engines are noisy, periodically shift into idle, or even shut them down for a minute to listen for faint fog signals.  The transmission of sound in foggy conditions is tricky, so if you hear something don’t jump to a quick conclusion about its direction and distance.  Listen some more.

5. Radar. If you’ve got it, know how to use it. Practice working with your radar while moving about in good weather so you won’t be fumbling with it when you really need to know what’s around you in the fog.

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What is a Fog Horn: A Guide to Understanding this Essential Maritime Device

by Emma Sullivan | Aug 1, 2023 | Sailing Safety

Short answer: what is a fog horn:

A fog horn, also known as a fog signal, is a device used to produce sound signals in order to alert ships and maritime vessels to the presence of fog or other hazardous conditions. It typically emits a deep and loud low-frequency sound that can carry over long distances, aiding navigation and preventing collisions at sea.

Understanding the Basics: What is a Fog Horn and How Does it Work?

The world of maritime safety is shrouded with mesmerizing gadgets and tools that have been developed over centuries to keep seafarers safe. Among these incredible devices stands the mighty fog horn, an iconic instrument whose commanding low-frequency sound has guided countless sailors through thick blankets of fog. But what exactly is a fog horn, and how does it work? Let’s delve into the world of this essential maritime apparatus and unveil its secrets.

At its core, a fog horn is a powerful signaling device used primarily in shipping to alert vessels of potential dangers during reduced visibility conditions caused by fog or mist. Its purpose is simple yet critical – keeping ships from colliding with one another or running aground when visibility becomes severely limited. In essence, it acts as an audible lighthouse, providing audible warning signals instead of visual ones.

So how does this ingenious contraption work? The mechanics behind a fog horn are surprisingly elegant in their simplicity. Traditionally, classic fog horns utilize compressed air to generate their unmistakable booming sound. A significant component known as the diaphragm lies at the heart of this process. When activated by an external mechanism such as an electric solenoid or manual lever, the diaphragm vibrates rapidly, creating pulses of pressurized air.

This pulsating air then travels through carefully designed chambers within the fog horn body known as resonators or amplifiers. These chambers serve to enhance and manipulate the sound waves produced by the vibrating diaphragm. By exploiting phenomena such as resonance and reflection, they transform the initial bursts of air into long-range signals capable of piercing through even dense layers of fog .

It’s important to note that modern advancements have brought variations in fog horn designs beyond conventional pneumatic systems. Electronic sirens and acoustic transducers now offer alternatives that make use of different principles while maintaining similar functionality. These innovations often provide advantages such as more flexibility in sound propagation control or enhanced energy efficiency .

The most captivating aspect of fog horns lies within their distinctive low-frequency pitch. Operating at frequencies generally ranging from 60 to 400 Hertz, these magnificent instruments produce a resounding note that carries far and wide across the water. The reason for this particular frequency choice is grounded in physics; low-frequency sounds travel farther than higher pitches due to their longer wavelengths and ability to bypass physical obstacles more effectively.

In addition to emitting sounds at specific frequencies, fog horns also adhere to standardized patterns known as “sound signals.” These patterns dictate the duration and spacing of the horn’s blasts, ensuring uniformity across different maritime regions worldwide. For example, in certain regions, an initial blast lasting roughly four seconds is followed by a pause of approximately one minute before another four-second blast reoccurs.

Functionally speaking, fog horns operate seamlessly with various methods of activation depending on the circumstances. Manual control via levers or push-buttons inside vessels was commonplace in older systems, allowing crew members to activate the horn when visually detecting reduced visibility conditions. However, advancements have led to automatic activation through sensor-equipped buoys or electronic triggers based on visibility sensors installed either on shorelines or vessels themselves.

In summary, fog horns are vital tools used in marine safety protocols during times of poor visibility caused by fog or mist. Whether relying on compressed air or alternative means like electronics, these impressive devices pierce through dense layers of fog with commanding low-frequency notes. Resonators and amplifiers work harmoniously with vibrating diaphragms to transform pulses of air into long-range signals capable of alerting ships in distress. Their adherence to standardized sound signals ensures consistency globally while contributing immensely towards seafarers’ safe journeying even amidst nature’s imposing curtain of haze.

Step-by-Step Guide: Explaining the Mechanism Behind a Fog Horn

Introduction: Ever wondered how those majestic fog horns work? These impressive devices have been guiding ships through treacherous weather conditions since the 18th century. Join us on a journey as we unravel the intricate mechanism behind a fog horn, step by step. Prepare to be amazed by the clever engineering and ingenuity that makes these devices so effective.

Step 1: Understanding the Basics Before delving into the inner workings of a fog horn, let’s grasp its fundamental purpose. A fog horn is designed to emit a loud sound signal in order to warn ships of dangers hidden within dense fog or other low visibility situations. This ensures safe navigation and prevents potential accidents.

Step 2: The Diaphragm and Air Pressure At the heart of every fog horn lies one important component – the diaphragm. Picture it as a flexible sheet or cone made from resilient material, like rubber or metal. Air pressure plays a pivotal role here; it’s essential for creating that unmistakable booming sound.

Step 3: Generating Sound Waves To generate sound waves, which are responsible for producing audible signals, we need additional components: an air chamber and an air compression system. As compressed air enters the air chamber, it encounters the diaphragm stretched across an opening.

Step 4: Compressed Air Meets Diaphragm When compressed air reaches the diaphragm, it causes vibrations due to rapid changes in air pressure. This is where things get interesting! The diaphragm amplifies these vibrations and converts them into audible sound waves of substantial magnitude.

Step 5: Shape Matters: The shape of the chambers housing the diaphragm is also significant for optimizing sound output. Engineers employ meticulous design techniques to ensure maximum amplification and resonance so that even in extreme weather conditions, these sounds can cut through thick misty veils with unwavering clarity.

Step 6: Acoustic Amplifier & Horn Now that we have created the initial sound waves, it’s time to amplify them further. Enter the acoustic amplifier, a genius addition to fog horn engineering. This carefully designed chamber, often conical in shape, serves as a sounding board for the initial sound waves, effectively amplifying and directing the noise to its target – ships navigating through fog .

Step 7: Timed Blasts and Frequencies To ensure mariners identify and differentiate fog horns from other sounds, each fog horn has a unique rhythm or frequency pattern known as its “character.” By emitting timed blasts at specific intervals and pitch frequencies, these distinguishing characters help sailors correctly identify their position and navigate accordingly.

Conclusion: And there you have it! The mechanism behind a fog horn is not only ingenious but also crafted with meticulous precision. Understanding its inner workings helps us appreciate the extraordinary artistry that goes into ensuring maritime safety during challenging conditions. Next time you hear the hauntingly melodic call of a fog horn piercing through misty silence, remember the clever interplay of air pressure, diaphragms, amplifiers and timing systems that make it all possible.

Frequently Asked Questions: Everything You Need to Know About Fog Horns

Introduction: Although often overlooked or taken for granted, fog horns play a crucial role in maritime safety and navigation . As ubiquitous as they are mysterious, these powerful devices have captivated our curiosity for centuries. In this blog post, we aim to satisfy your every query about fog horns, providing you with detailed professional insights while adding a touch of wit and cleverness along the way.

1. What is a fog horn? A fog horn is an audible device used on ships, coastal areas, and lighthouses to warn vessels of potential dangers amid low visibility conditions caused by heavy fog. Its unique sound serves as a sonic signal that guides mariners away from hazardous areas by providing them with an audio reference point.

2. How do fog horns work? Fog horns produce their characteristic sound through various mechanisms depending on their type . The most common type is the diaphragm or siren horn that operates by forcing compressed air or steam through a set of specially designed resonators. This airflow pattern creates intense vibration within the horn’s structure, resulting in its distinctive deep and resonant sound.

3. What are different types of fog horns? While there may be countless variations available today, the primary types of fog horns can be categorized into two main groups: air-driven and electronic variants. – Air-driven Fog Horns: These traditional models operate using compressed air produced either manually or mechanically. – Electronic Fog Horns: These modern marvels utilize advanced electronics to generate sounds resembling traditional air-driven fog horns without requiring physical compressors.

4. How loud can a fog horn be? Prepare yourself for this fun fact! Fog horns can unleash decibel levels ranging anywhere between 120 dB (comparable to standing close to speakers at a rock concert) up to an ear-splitting 180 dB (reaching the same intensity level as standing mere feet away from a jet engine during takeoff). So, sneaking up on a fog horn is not recommended!

5. Where are fog horns typically used? Fog horns find their home in various locations where heavy fog and low visibility create potential hazards for maritime navigation . They are most commonly found near coastlines, especially in areas with rocky shores or dangerous underwater obstacles. Additionally, major ports, harbors, and shipping channels often deploy them to guide ships safely through dense fog.

6. Is every fog horn the same? Absolutely not! Fog horns can come in different shapes and sizes depending on their purpose, location, and historical context. From massive trumpet horns atop lighthouses to compact air-driven sirens mounted on vessels, each serves a unique role while contributing its distinct charm to the maritime soundscape.

7. Do fog horns have any nostalgic significance? Certainly! For many coastal communities and seafaring enthusiasts worldwide, the sound of a distant fog horn evokes a sense of nostalgia, reminiscent of bygone eras when manual labor fueled these mechanical marvels. Some even claim that the sound of a fog horn carries an element of romance that hints at untold tales from the vast open seas.

8. Are there any alternatives to traditional fog horns? Yes! As technology advances and evolves, alternative solutions have emerged that complement or replace traditional fog horns altogether. – Automatic Identification System (AIS) Beacons: These transmitters provide real-time information about vessel positions via radio waves. – Radar Systems: Advanced radar systems can detect objects in low visibility conditions far beyond what human eyes can perceive. – Global Positioning System (GPS): With precise navigational data readily available through GPS, mariners can plot their course accurately without solely relying on acoustic signals.

Conclusion: Now armed with comprehensive knowledge about fog horns – their operation principles, types, locations, history – you will undoubtedly impress your friends with captivating maritime trivia next time you encounter these powerful sonic landmarks. So, the next time you stroll near a lighthouse or spot a vessel disappearing into dense fog, take a moment to appreciate the vital role played by these remarkable devices in ensuring safe and secure maritime journeys.

Unraveling the Mystery: Demystifying the Purpose of a Fog Horn

Have you ever been quietly sailing through fog, with visibility reduced to mere feet, feeling utterly disoriented and completely dependent on some mysterious sound penetrating the thick mist? Then all of a sudden, like an otherworldly force, a booming noise blasts through the eerie silence. You take a deep breath as your heart skips a beat and find yourself simultaneously relieved and intrigued. What is that unmistakable sound and why is it so crucial in these foggy conditions? Let’s lift the curtain on this enigma and demystify the purpose of a fog horn.

A fog horn, often referred to as a “sound signal apparatus,” is an audible beacon designed specifically to guide ships during times of low visibility caused by dense fog or hazardous weather conditions. While modern marine navigation systems have undoubtedly improved over time, these mighty horns remain essential for maritime safety even in the era of satellite-based positioning systems.

One might argue that just turning on powerful navigation lights would suffice during hazy situations; however, relying solely on visual aids could prove disastrous. Why? Because sound travels much farther than light does! A fog horn produces an extraordinarily loud noise that can travel for miles without interruption, acting as an audible lifeline ensuring ships steer clear of potentially deadly collisions.

Now for the scientific part: how does this formidable clarion function? Most frequently found atop lighthouses or large vessels such as cargo ships or ferries, fog horns employ compressed air or steam to produce their distinctive sound signature. These mechanical marvels consist of what is known as a diaphragm mechanism that vibrates vigorously when subjected to pressurized air or steam. This rapid vibration generates low-frequency soundwaves that pierce through the air with tremendous decibel power.

However, creating such an attention-grabbing noise requires precision timing. Fog horns are programmed to emit their resonant blast at regular intervals, typically at durations of 5-15 seconds followed by a brief silence to ensure the sound carries over long distances and does not merge into an indistinguishable cacophony. Additionally, the horn’s unique pattern – often referred to as a characteristic – is tailored to differentiate it from other audible signals present in busy harbors or channels. It serves to distinguish a fog horn from various sirens or whistles employed by different vessels in proximity.

But why stop at demystifying the purpose of a fog horn when we can explore its historical roots? The use of sound signals for maritime safety dates back centuries. Before modern fog horns graced nautical landscapes, sailors throughout history relied on simpler yet ingenious methods to warn fellow seafarers. Imagine ancient mariners pounding drums with rhythmic beats during misty voyages or blowing conch shells to announce their arrival and alert others nearby. These ancient predecessors were the pioneers of marine sound signaling, paving the way for today’s high-tech resonating apparatus we appreciate so much.

In conclusion, next time you find yourself enveloped in an intimidating bank of fog that seems determined to swallow any semblance of visibility, take solace knowing that there is an invisible lifeline reaching out to guide you through the murky waves – unraveling what was once perceived as mysterious . The sturdy and indispensable fog horn pierces through the curious blend of suspense and disorientation like no other navigational tool could. Its robust sound encapsulates both practicality and historical significance while acting as a symphony conductor amidst atmospheric obscurity. So, let us embrace this clever marvel, now stripped of its mystique, as it continues safeguarding mariners across vast oceans with understated elegance – truly an auditory hero in disguise!

The Evolution of Fog Horns: A Brief History and Advancements

When one thinks of fog horns, images of mysterious coastal landscapes, ships gliding through the mist, and eerie sounds piercing through the air often come to mind. These signaling devices have been an integral part of maritime safety for centuries, guiding ships away from hazardous coastlines and avoiding potentially catastrophic accidents. In this blog post, we will delve into the fascinating history and advancements behind the evolution of fog horns.

Dating back to ancient times, mariners have utilized various methods to warn fellow seafarers about impending dangers in foggy conditions. The earliest form of a fog signal can be traced back to ancient China around 250 BC, where bamboo pipes were used to produce sound signals in foggy weather. This primitive concept was later adopted by other early civilizations like the Greeks and Romans, who used trumpets made from animal horns or bronze as warning devices .

However, it wasn’t until the 19th century that significant advancements in technology paved the way for more effective fog horn systems. One notable development during this period was the invention of steam-powered fog signals. In 1851, Robert Foulis introduced a powerful steam whistle as a maritime signal device in Liverpool; its thunderous blast cut across thick curtains of fog with astonishing clarity. This marked a turning point in the technology’s evolution as vessels were now able to rely on these audibly distinct noises rather than visual cues alone.

In subsequent years, further improvements were made to enhance both audibility and efficiency . Innovators turned their attention to the composition and shape of the horns themselves. Originally made from bronze or brass materials due to their ability to resonate sound effectively over long distances, they soon transitioned to iron for durability while maintaining acoustic quality. As fabricating techniques advanced, these metallic instruments underwent refinements such as specific curved shapes called “parabolic reflectors.” This shape concentrated sound waves towards desired directions, amplifying their reach and minimizing loss due to dispersion.

The emergence of electricity in the late 19th century opened up new possibilities for fog horn technology. Electrically powered fog horns became prevalent thanks to the invention of better sound-producing mechanisms, such as diaphragms driven by electro-magnetic coils. These advancements increased the reliability and range of signal transmission while reducing maintenance requirements compared to their steam-powered counterparts.

Fast forward to the present day, and modern fog horns have come a long way since those humble ancient Chinese bamboo pipes. Technological innovations continue to shape these devices into even more efficient and effective signaling mechanisms. The introduction of compressed air systems revolutionized the industry by providing lightweight yet powerful fog signals that could be installed on smaller vessels or unmanned platforms.

Furthermore, advancements in acoustic engineering have led to sophisticated electronic fog horn systems capable of emitting highly targeted directional signals using arrays of speakers and high-frequency modulations. These intelligent systems can adjust volume levels based on ambient noise conditions, enhancing audibility without unnecessarily disturbing surrounding environments.

In conclusion, the evolution of fog horns has been an awe-inspiring journey spanning centuries. Through innovation and technological prowess, these vital maritime safety devices have evolved from ancient bamboo tubes to formidable steam whistles and electric sirens. Today’s cutting-edge fog horn systems offer unprecedented efficiency, precision, and environmental control—a testament to humanity’s relentless pursuit of safer seas for all who sail them.

Captivating Facts and Curiosities: Discovering Interesting Aspects of Fog Horns

Fog horns, those iconic and hauntingly beautiful instruments that have stood the test of time, hold a captivating history filled with fascinating facts and curiosities. From their humble beginnings to their modern-day counterparts, fog horns continue to inspire awe and curiosity among enthusiasts.

One intriguing aspect worth exploring is the origin story of fog horns. Dating back hundreds of years, these remarkable instruments were initially used as primitive warning devices by sailors navigating through treacherous waters shrouded in dense fog. The earliest iterations took the form of simple bells or gongs struck manually to alert other vessels of their presence. These early versions paved the way for more complex mechanical contraptions that would eventually evolve into the mighty fog horns we know today.

As technology progressed, so did the mechanisms employed by fog horns. One notable development was the introduction of compressed air systems in the 19th century. This innovation revolutionized how fog signals were produced, as pressurized air was directed through powerful diaphragms or trumpets, creating resounding blasts capable of penetrating even the thickest mist. The immense power and range achieved by these new fog horns ensured they could be heard over vast distances, effectively guiding ships away from perilous situations.

Over time, various designs emerged across different regions around the world. Each had its own unique flair and character while still serving the same purpose – safeguarding maritime journeys in adverse weather conditions . From trumpet-shaped horns mounted on lighthouses to resonating sirens situated atop dedicated buildings known as fog horn stations, each design showcased both practicality and aesthetic appeal.

Despite their vital role in ensuring maritime safety, it’s interesting to note that not all countries employ fog horns equally. In some nations where navigational aids are abundant or weather conditions less extreme, automated systems have replaced traditional human-operated fog horn stations. These systems utilize sophisticated sensors capable of detecting visibility levels automatically, triggering pre-programmed acoustic signals when necessary. Though efficient, many harbor nostalgic sentiments for the authentic charm and soulful resonance of manually operated fog horns.

One cannot discuss fog horns without mentioning their association with unique sounds that have become deeply embedded in maritime culture. The characteristic low-frequency blasts of a fog horn are instantly recognizable and evoke a sense of mystery and adventure. Interestingly, the distinct tonality of each horn is meticulously crafted to ensure it can be easily identified amidst the cacophony of other ambient noises present at sea.

Beyond their functional purpose, fog horns have also transcended their role as navigational aids to become cultural symbols in literature, art, and folklore. Countless stories and poems have been written extolling the haunting allure and melancholic beauty associated with these solitary sentinel voices piercing through the mist. The powerful imagery they evoke has inspired artists to capture their essence on canvas or in sculpture, immortalizing them as iconic representations of man’s ongoing struggle against nature’s whims.

In conclusion, fog horns stand as captivating facts and curiosities that take us on a journey through time, revealing interesting aspects about their origin, evolution, design variety across regions, and their signature resonances engraved in our collective imagination. Their significance reaches far beyond mere utilitarian value – they embody human ingenuity, resilience, and our eternal quest for exploration. So next time you hear the distant echo of a fog horn piercing through the misty veil, take a moment to appreciate not only its practicality but also the rich tapestry of history woven into every resounding blast.

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The History and Function of Foghorns: A Guide to Navigational Safety

Foghorns, often referred to as fog signals, are powerful maritime navigation devices designed to warn ships and vessels of potential dangers in low visibility conditions, particularly during foggy weather. Dating back to the early 19th century, these distinctive sonic signals have played a crucial role in ensuring the safety of seafarers. Today, foghorns continue to serve as an integral part of navigational aids, despite advances in technology.

Throughout history, maritime accidents caused by foggy conditions were alarmingly common. Ships would often collide with one another or crash into coastal rocks, resulting in substantial loss of life and cargo. To address this issue, early foghorns were developed as a solution to improve navigational safety. The first recorded fog signal was a bell, used in 1681 at the Eddystone Lighthouse in England. However, it was not until the mid-19th century that more sophisticated trumpet-shaped foghorns were introduced, capable of producing louder and more recognizable sounds.

The function of foghorns is simple yet vital. When activated, they emit a deep, low-pitched sound that carries over long distances, alerting ships to their proximity to potential hazards. This audible signal allows vessels to take necessary precautions, such as altering their course or reducing their speed, to avoid collisions or groundings. In modern times, foghorns have been complemented by a range of other navigational aids, such as radar, GPS, and electronic charting systems. However, these technological advancements have not rendered foghorns obsolete. In fact, they continue to be relied upon in areas where visual aids may be limited or unreliable.

An engaging factor associated with foghorns is their distinct sound, which has become iconic within maritime culture. The deep, resonating tones of foghorns can evoke feelings of nostalgia and adventure. For seafarers, the sound of a foghorn represents safety in the midst of potential danger. Furthermore, foghorns often have unique sound patterns or rhythms, allowing sailors to differentiate between different lighthouses or coastal locations. This tangible connection between sound and safety highlights the enduring significance of foghorns in maritime navigation.

While advancements in technology have undoubtedly improved navigational safety, foghorns remain an essential tool for mariners worldwide. The simplicity and reliability of these audible signals make them a valuable asset, especially in situations where visual aids may be compromised. As maritime traffic continues to increase, the critical role of foghorns in preventing accidents and protecting lives at sea remains unchanged. The history and function of foghorns serve as a testament to their endurance as an indispensable tool in navigational safety.

What is the history and function of foghorns? How do they ensure navigational safety?

In order to understand the history and function of foghorns and their crucial role in navigational safety, it is paramount to explore their origins, purpose, and significance. Foghorns have been an integral part of marine navigation since their invention in the early 19th century, serving as audible signals to alert ships of potential hazards and guide them during foggy conditions or low visibility. Their primary function is to provide a distinctive sound signal that can be easily heard and recognized, thus aiding ships in determining their position and avoiding collisions. Exploring the fascinating history and in-depth functionality of foghorns will shed light on their vital role in protecting seafarers and ensuring navigational safety.

Foghorns have played a crucial role in maritime navigation for centuries. These powerful devices have served as a warning system, helping ships safely navigate through treacherous waters and dense fog. In this guide, we will explore the fascinating history of foghorns and their function in ensuring navigational safety.

Early Origins of Foghorns

The concept of using sound signals to aid navigation can be traced back to ancient civilizations. However, it was not until the 18th century that foghorns, as we know them today, began to emerge. The first documented fog signal was established at the Eddystone Lighthouse in England in 1719. This initial system utilized explosive charges to create loud bangs.

As technology advanced, so did foghorn designs. In the early 19th century, the organ pipes became a popular method of producing sound signals. These early foghorns were manually operated, requiring lighthouse keepers to blow into the pipes to create the warning sound.

The Evolution of Foghorn Technology

The industrial revolution brought significant advancements to foghorn technology. Steam-powered foghorns started to replace manual systems in the mid-19th century, providing a more reliable and powerful means of producing sound signals. These foghorns were usually situated within lighthouse towers or standalone structures near the coast.

By the late 19th century, compressed air became the preferred method for operating foghorns. This innovation allowed for greater control and a more consistent sound output. The sound was produced by directing compressed air through a trumpet-shaped horn, amplifying the noise and making it audible over long distances.

Function and Importance of Foghorns

The primary function of foghorns is to provide audible warnings to ships, particularly during periods of reduced visibility caused by fog, mist, or heavy rain. Fog can have a drastic impact on a ship’s ability to navigate safely, compromising visibility and increasing the risk of collisions with other vessels or coastal hazards. Foghorns serve as an essential navigational aid, ensuring ships stay on course and avoid dangerous areas.

Foghorns emit a low-frequency sound that can travel over long distances, cutting through the densest fog. These distinct sounds, typically in the form of long blasts, help mariners determine their position and navigate through treacherous waters. The pattern and duration of the foghorn blasts are carefully regulated to prevent confusion with other sound signals used in maritime communication.

The Continuing Role of Foghorns in Modern Navigation

While advancements in technology have introduced sophisticated electronic navigation systems, foghorns remain an integral part of maritime safety measures. Electronic aids, such as radar and GPS, can provide precise position information, but they are still dependent on visibility. In low visibility conditions, foghorns serve as a reliable backup, ensuring ships can navigate safely even when other systems are hindered.

According to recent data, over 300 foghorns are still in use worldwide, protecting ships and coastal areas. These devices continue to save lives by providing vital audible cues and warnings to mariners, contributing to the overall safety of maritime navigation.

In Conclusion:

Foghorns have a rich history and play a critical role in ensuring navigational safety. From their humble beginnings with explosive charges to the modern compressed air systems, foghorns have evolved to become powerful and reliable tools for maritime communication. As our technology advances, they remain a necessary backup plan, providing audible warnings in low visibility conditions. With over 300 foghorns in operation today, these devices continue to be a crucial part of marine navigation, contributing to the safety and well-being of seafarers worldwide.

Statistic: Recent data shows that foghorns have been credited with reducing maritime accidents by up to 64% in foggy conditions.

FAQs: The History and Function of Foghorns: A Guide to Navigational Safety

1. what is a foghorn and why is it important for navigational safety.

A foghorn is a loud, signaling device designed to produce a distinctive sound that alerts ships of potential hazards and helps in navigating safely, especially in foggy or adverse weather conditions.

2. How do foghorns work?

Foghorns typically use compressed air or steam to produce sound. They emit a low-frequency tone that can travel long distances over water, alerting ships to their proximity to shore or other vessels.

3. Who invented the foghorn?

The foghorn was invented by Scottish engineer Robert Foulis in the early 19th century. Foulis developed the first successful foghorn mechanism using steam power.

4. Are foghorns still in use today?

Yes, foghorns are still in use today, although their popularity has decreased with the advancements in radar and electronic navigational aids. They remain an important backup system for navigational safety.

5. Where are foghorns typically installed?

Foghorns are typically installed on lighthouses, coastal structures, and buoys. They are strategically placed in areas with high maritime traffic or where visibility is often reduced due to fog or other weather conditions.

6. How far can the sound of a foghorn travel?

The sound of a foghorn can travel several miles over water, depending on factors such as weather conditions, topography, and the power of the foghorn itself. Some foghorns have a range of up to 10 nautical miles.

7. Do all foghorns sound the same?

No, foghorns can have different tones and patterns to distinguish them from one another. Some produce a single blast, while others may have a rhythmic or alternating pattern of sounds.

8. Can foghorns cause noise pollution?

Foghorns are designed to produce loud sounds for navigational purposes, which can be heard by people living near coastal areas. Efforts have been made to reduce the impact of foghorn noise on nearby communities through the use of directional and more focused sound systems.

9. Are there any alternative technologies replacing foghorns?

Yes, advances in technology have led to the development of alternative navigational aids such as radar, GPS, and electronic charts. These technologies are becoming more prevalent, but foghorns remain an important backup system in case of malfunctions or emergencies.

10. Can foghorns be heard during daytime?

Yes, foghorns can be heard both during the day and night. They are essential for navigational safety regardless of the time of day since fog and reduced visibility can occur at any time.

Throughout history, foghorns have played a crucial role in ensuring navigational safety for ships and boats in foggy conditions. By emitting loud, distinctive sounds, foghorns have guided mariners and prevented countless accidents. In this guide, we explored the rich history and function of foghorns, uncovering their evolution from early bell buoy systems to the modern automated sirens used today.

One key insight from this article is the technological advancements that have revolutionized foghorn systems. We learned about the shift from manual operation to electrically powered fog signals, which significantly improved the efficiency and range of sound transmission. Additionally, the introduction of automated foghorn systems, equipped with sophisticated sensors and timers, has enhanced navigational safety by ensuring reliable and consistent sound signals in foggy conditions.

Furthermore, we examined the various types of foghorns, such as diaphragm and siren horns, and their distinct characteristics. Diaphragm horns, with their low-frequency sounds, are particularly effective in penetrating fog and traveling long distances. On the other hand, siren horns, with their modulating frequency, provide unique tonal patterns that aid in identification and differentiation from other sound signals.

In conclusion, foghorns have served as indispensable aids to navigation, preventing collisions and guiding ships safely through treacherous foggy conditions. Although advancements in navigation systems have reduced their prominence, foghorns remain an essential component of navigational safety at sea. By understanding the history and function of foghorns, mariners can continue to rely on these audible beacons, ensuring safe passage and protecting lives at sea.

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4 Tips for Safe Boating in the Fog

Fog can develop quickly, and limited visibility raises the risk of a collision. Here are 4 steps to remember when the weather closes in.

1. Slow Down or Stop

If necessary, you should be able to stop in half the distance of visibility.

2. Make Your Presence Known

Fog signals must be sounded, and the time interval specified in the Navigation Rules is the minimum.

3. Post a Lookout

Post a crew member on the bow and, if possible, the stern as well. Have them swap locations periodically to keep them sharp.

4. Stop and Listen

Boats, buoys and lighthouses all make noise, and you’ll hear them before you see them. The transmission of sound in foggy conditions is tricky. If you hear something, don’t jump to a quick conclusion about its direction and distance, listen some more.

These boating tips are brought to you by Kingman Yacht Center in Pocasset, MA.

1 thought on “ 4 Tips for Safe Boating in the Fog ”

RULE 19 Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility (a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility. (b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuver. (c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part. (d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided: (i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken; (ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam. (e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.

Dont forget to use all available means , Radar, AIS and your VHF radio to make Security calls if you are in doubt.

Captain Mike Littlefield http://www.archangelcharters.com

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Boat Sound Signals: Time To Sound Off

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When caught in a situation with restricted visibility, you'll need know how to let others know where you're located — and interpret where they are.

Photo: Stacey Nedrow-Wigmore

While the term "restricted visibility" may sound like there's something in your path that obstructs or blocks the view of where you're going, in maritime terms, it describes not only a situation where an operator can't see hazards in their path and around them, but also one that prevents your boat from being seen by others. Two common examples of this would be operating a vessel at night or during inclement weather. But restricted visibility can also occur due to unusual circumstances, such as dust storms or even smoke from nearby forest fires.

Boats need to be aware of each other's position at all times to operate safely, which is why adherence to navigational rules (such as the proper display of lights and use of sound signals) during periods of restricted visibility is so crucial.

Similar to the visual information provided by navigational lighting, sound signals provide an audible means of conveying your intentions, while also helping you understand what other boats around you are doing. This is especially important in situations of restricted visibility, such as fog, heavy rain, or when transiting areas where a vessel operator may experience limited visibility due to physical characteristics (a sharp bend in a narrow river, for example). In situations like these the effectiveness of navigation lights may be reduced or eliminated altogether.

Inland Vs. International

In some cases, the sound signals for International Rules may differ slightly from those described in the Inland Rules (the focus of this article). If traveling overseas, be sure to consult and familiarize yourself with the International Rules beforehand as provided in the Navigation Rules. While every boat owner should have sound-signal information on board for quick reference, a printed copy of the Navigation Rules is mandatory for vessels over 12 meters (39.4 feet) in length.

Sound-Producing Devices And Characteristics

Sound signals are described as "blasts," of which there are two types: A "short blast" means a blast of about 1 second, while a "prolonged blast" is 4 to 6 seconds.

The word "whistle" is defined in the Navigation Rules as any sound-signaling device capable of producing the required blasts as described by Annex III of the Rules. While Annex III provides the technical details of what constitutes a proper blast (such as frequencies and intensity) a simple interpretation for most recreational boaters would be how far the blast can be heard. For example, the minimum audibility range for a whistle or horn (both can be used interchangeably) required for a vessel 20 meters (65.6 feet), but less than 75 meters (246 feet) in length is 1 nautical mile. The minimum range for a vessel 12 meters (39.4 feet), but less than 20 meters is .5 nautical miles.

Most every vessel is required to carry some form of sound-producing device, and even those that are not would do well to have one on board, regardless of mandated carriage requirements.

That said, the Navigation Rules state a vessel 12 meters or more in length shall be provided with a whistle and a bell. Vessels of 100 meters or more in length shall additionally carry a gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. The bell and gong may be replaced by equipment having the same respective sound characteristics, provided that manual sounding of the prescribed signals is always possible. An example of this would be an electronic loud hailer system that can generate the required sounds.

Acceptable sound-producing devices on board a boat can ­include an air horn, bell, or whistle, depending on the boat. (Photos: Air horn: Getty Images/gabrieletamborrelli; Bell: Getty Images/Yury Karamanenko)

Vessels less than 12 meters in length are required only to carry an "efficient" sound-producing device, such as a bell, air horn, or whistle. While banging on that galley pot may technically qualify as meeting the letter of the law, do yourself (and everyone else) a favor and carry an appropriate a sound-producing device. As the goal here is to be heard, ditch that wimpy horn and get one that makes the other boats think the Queen Mary is headed their way!

Sound Signals During Restricted Visibility

The below summary focuses on sound signals applicable for recreational vessels during restricted visibility. Keep in mind, however, that vessels engaged in other activities (towing, for example) will often have different or additional sound signal requirements and that sometimes variations may apply. When in doubt, always refer to the Navigation Rules .

• Power vessels making way through the water must sound one prolonged blast at not more than 2 minute intervals.
• A power vessel underway but stopped (not making way) must sound two prolonged blasts roughly 2 seconds apart at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
• A sailing vessel, a vessel not under command, a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver (whether underway or at anchor), or a vessel engaged in fishing (underway or at anchor) must sound three blasts in succession (one prolonged followed by two short blasts) at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
• A vessel at anchor must ring a bell rapidly for about 5 seconds at intervals of not more than 1 minute apart. For vessels 100 meters or more in length (which require both a bell and gong), the bell shall be sounded in the forepart of the vessel and immediately after the ringing of the bell, the gong shall be sounded rapidly for about 5 seconds in the after part of the vessel. A vessel at anchor may, in addition, sound three blasts in succession; namely, one short, one prolonged and one short blast, to give warning of her position and of the possibility of collision to an approaching vessel. When anchored in a special anchorage area designated by the Secretary, vessels less than 20 meters in length, barges, canal boats, scows, or other nondescript craft are not required to give the sound signals described above for anchored vessels.

While vessels less than 12 meters in length are not required to give the above signals, they are required to make some type of efficient sound signal at intervals not more than 2 minutes apart. While there is leeway regarding sound signals for vessels less than 12 meters, why try to reinvent the wheel here? Having a proper sound-signaling device on smaller vessels and using the same sound signals (where practical and permitted by the rules) are a win-win for everyone on the water, in my opinion.

Finally, a vessel nearing a bend or an area of a channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction must sound one prolonged blast. This signal must be answered with a prolonged blast by any approaching vessel that may be within hearing around the bend or behind the intervening obstruction.

Remember these sound signal rules (we recommend carrying a cheat sheet on board), and you can cruise with the confidence of having added to your boating safety skill set.

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Frank Lanier

Contributing Editor, BoatUS Magazine

Capt. Frank Lanier is a SAMS Accredited Marine Surveyor with more than 40 years of experience in the marine and diving industries. He’s also an author, public speaker, and multiple award-winning journalist whose articles on boat maintenance, repair, and seamanship appear regularly in numerous marine publications worldwide. He can be reached via his YouTube channel “Everything Boats with Capt. Frank Lanier” and website captfklanier.com.

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Sailing Signals: Nautical Lights, Shapes, & Sounds

You might be wondering what all those lights, shapes, and sounds that are either attached to a vessel or emanating from them.

While it might not be obvious what these mysterious modes of communication mean, they play a very important role in ensuring the safety and proper communication between vessels and non-vessels alike.

Sailing safety has a lot to do with proper preparedness, which means having the right gear , plan, experience, and mindset. However, sailing safety also requires knowledge in the various forms of communication between vessels and non-vessels. This is where lights, shapes, and sounds play a big role.

By using various lights, shapes, and sounds when out on the water, vessels and non-vessels are able to communicate whether there’s danger afoot, they need help, or simply telling you to get out of the way.

We’ll explore the most common and vitally important light, shape, and sound signals to make sure you’re able to pick up and recognize them when the time is right.

Vessel Lights

Whenever you see a vessel that has their lights on display, it’s most likely going to be during the evening when it matters most.

The combination of colors and how they’re oriented can mean a world of difference in terms of what they’re trying to communicate, so it’s important to keep an eye out.

The color of lights you’ll see when out on the water include white, red, green, and yellow. Again, you’ll see these on display at night when visual communication between vessels and non-vessels is crucial.

When you see lights on display, you’re essentially being told the vessel’s direction of movement, method of propulsion, and size.

Apart from the basic message of direction, propulsion method, and size, there are other light signals that are there to inform you of other situations. Some of those situations include when a vessel is

• Not under command
• Constrained by draft
• Unable to maneuver

The most important determination, when confronted with a vessel or non-vessel at night, is whether or not there’s a risk of collision.

Obviously, if there’s a risk of collision you need to attempt to communicate with the vessel immediately and to take proper action to avoid a collision. Ideally, you’ll be able to communicate with the other vessel so that you’re both in agreement about who does what to prevent a potential collision.

Basic Lights

As I mentioned previously, there are several basic colors that you’ll see on display from a vessel at night.

However, these lights can be displayed in different ways in terms of position on a vessel as well as how they’re displayed (e.g., blinking or static). Here are some basic definitions of lights that you should know.

Masthead Light

The masthead light is a static white light that sits partway up the main mast of a vessel and only displays to the front 225 degrees of the vessel.

This means that other vessels coming toward yours at an arc of 225 degrees will see an unbroken white light, which will inform them that you are possible head-on.

The sidelights are a pair of static lights that sit fore of the vessel at the bow with one being on the port side and the other on the starboard side.

The light on the port side is a static red light and the light on the starboard side is static green. The combination of both lights covers the same amount of arc as the masthead light, which is 225 degrees.

The sternlight is a static white light that sits as far back as possible aft the vessel at the stern and displays to the back 135 degrees of the vessel.

Other vessels who see this will know that they’re behind your vessel due to the light being lower than if they saw the masthead light and not being able to see the sidelights.

All-Round Light

The all-round light is a static white light that sits at the very top of a vessel’s mast and displays at a full 360-degree angle. You’ll see this light being displayed on a sailboat that’s either docked or at anchor.

Towing Light

The towing light is a static yellow light that sits at the same position as the sternlight and displays at an arc of 135 degrees aft the vessel. As the name suggests, this light indicates to other vessels that it’s currently towing an object.

Underway Vessels

When vessels are on the move and it’s dark out, there’s no doubt that being able to pick out fellow vessels is an important way to avoid any risk of collision .

In all likeliness, you’ll be able to pinpoint another vessel rather quickly at night be observing their lights and determine their position, direction of movement, and size.

Sailing Vessels

When spotting sailing vessels underway at night, you’ll be able to see at a bare minimum their sidelights and sternlight.

By observing which lights you can see and their orientation, you can quickly determine the position at which you’re viewing their vessel. However, depending on the size of the vessel, you’ll definitely see a different combination of lights.

If your vessel is less than 20 meters (65 feet) in length, then all you’ll need to display are the sidelights and sternlights when underway at night.

However, it’s also possible to display a similar set of lights in a different way indicating the same underway conditions, which is when you might see on the very top of the mast a 3-light combination — red, white, and green.

The 3-light combo displays at the same angles as the sidelights and sternlight. The only difference here is they’re situated at the top of the mast.

Sailing vessels underway that are larger than 20 meters will likely have a different set of lights on display, but the difference is huge.

With larger sailing vessels, you’ll still see the sidelights and sternlight with another pair of static lights near the top of the mast where the top light is red and the one below is green.

Power-Driven Vessels

Now, power-driven vessels are bit different when underway at night compared to sailing vessels. For one, a power-driven vessel can be as small or much larger than a sailing vessel, so the number of lights can vary quite a bit.

Also, a power-driven vessel is capable of much greater speeds than a sailing vessel, so ensuring other vessels are aware of their existence at night is very important.

Not unlike a sailing vessel, a power-driven vessel will also have a pair of sidelights and one sternlight. However, there’s an additional light that’s included in this combination and that being the white masthead light.

This 4-light combination will help other vessels like yours be aware that a 15 meter (50 feet) power-driven vessel is underway near them.

But what about the power-driven vessels that are well above the 15-meter size?

Well, the power-driven vessels that are much larger will have the same lights as the smaller power-driven vessel as well as a white static light at the bow that’s slightly lower in height than the masthead light.

This helps other vessels like yours get an idea of just how big this power-driven vessel really is.

Vessels At Anchor

Whenever you’re underway at night, there’s no doubt you want to be aware of other vessels underway to avoid a major collision .

But it’s also the case that you want to be able to spot those other vessels that are at anchor, especially if you’re moving around a marina or bay with other docked or anchored vessels.

Sailing vessels at anchor are very easy to pick out at night since all they need to have on display is their all-round light.

Remember that the all-round light is a static white light that provides a 360-degree view at the very top of a sailing vessels mast, so it’ll be quite difficult to miss. As a matter of fact, a power-driven vessel at anchor also has the same all-round light on display as long as it’s 50 meters (65 feet) or less in size.

For sailing and power-driven vessels that are greater than 50 meters in size, they have to put on display another all-round light.

However, this extra all-round light is placed near the stern of the vessel and is lower in height compared to the all-round light on the mast. This combination of all-round lights should tell you right away that you’re looking at a much larger vessel at anchor.

If you just so happen to see a vessel that’s greater than 100 meters (328 feet) in size and it’s also at anchor, you best believe you’ll see it lit up like a Christmas tree. When it comes to this size of a vessel, they’re required to put as many lights on display as possible.

Most of what we’ve covered up to this point has been under the conditions of being underway or at anchor during the evening.

However, arguably more vessels will be out during the day than at night, so it’s important to be aware of other forms of visual communication such as day shapes.

During the day there’s little need for lights to communicate visually to other vessels, which is why we use shapes instead. There are a number of different shapes that take the form of circles, squares, triangles, and more that communicate different messages.

While there are a lot of different day shapes to consider, I want to cover the most common you’ll likely see while out on the water.

Being able to pinpoint a vessel, whether sailing or power-driven, that’s anchored during the day is rather straight forward as you should see a large black sphere hanging between the tip of the vessel’s mast to the fore of the vessel.

This single black sphere should be the size of a basketball and will be attached in the middle of a line.

Motoring and Sailing

If you’re out sailing and have your engine running to help boost your speed, you’ll need to ensure that you have a black, upside-down triangle attached to the middle of your forestay.

Just like the black sphere used to illustrate that your vessel is anchored, your sailboat should have the upside triangle in the same location. It’s important to note that this is only required for vessels that are 12 meters (39 feet) or greater in size.

Diving Operations

If you like to go freediving, scuba diving, or snorkeling, you’ll want to be sure to use the proper diving day shape.

Whether you’re on a small or medium sized vessel, make sure you put up the correct flag at the top of the mast. The most commonly used flag is blue and white while another flag is red with a white slash from one corner to another.

One of the worst situations you can find yourself or anyone else in while out sailing is ending up aground.

If this situation ever occurs, there should be three black spheres, just like the one you would use when anchored out, attached to the top of the mast in a vertical column. It’s important to note that this is only required for vessels that are 12 meters (39 feet) or greater in size.

Not Under Command

There will be times when vessels out on the water won’t be under command, which means you should be aware of this so you can make sure you can avoid them on your course.

Just like a vessel that’s run aground, you should see black spheres lined up vertically at the top of the mast, but instead of three spheres there should only be two. Again, this is only required for vessels that are 12 meters (39 feet) or greater in size.

Restricted Maneuverability

Some vessels can find themselves in situations that simply restrict their ability to maneuver, so being able to put that inability on full display to the rest of the vessels out on the water is rather important.

By putting a black, diamond-shaped object in between two black spheres in a vertical column at the top of the mast, this message is illustrated successfully. Similar to other day shapes, you’ll only find this on vessels that are 12 meters (or 39 feet) or greater in size.

Fishing and Trawling

Fishing is one of the oldest industries in the world and there’s no doubt that you’ll eventually find a vessel fishing and towing along a net.

Whenever a vessel is trawling, you should find two triangle shapes pointing at each other in a vertical column hoisted as high as possible.

There are also a few strange looking flags you’ll find being hoisted in the same location whenever a fishing vessel is either shooting nets, hauling nets, or their nets are caught on the seabed.

Buoys and Marks

Being able to safely navigate around other vessels out on the water is, of course, extremely important, but it’s also important to be observant of non-vessel objects that could get in your sailboat’s way.

Circumventing spots that are potentially dangerous comes first by being able to recognize the various buoys and marks on the water.

There are internationally agreed sets of buoys and marks that ensure safety for traveling vessels all over the world. Thanks to the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA), we have two major systems to abide by located in two different worldwide regions.

Fortunately, these two regions — Region A and B — have very few impactful differences. Region A (IALA A) covers all of Europe and pretty much the rest of the world while Region B (IALA B) covers the USA, Japan, The Philippines, and Korea.

Major Difference Between IALA A and IALA B

The major difference between the two regions is regarding the buoys which define which side of a channel the vessels should be traveling on.

For example, IALA B has red lights, marks, and/or buoys on the starboard (right) side of a channel when entering a place such as a harbor while under IALA A standards the red lights, marks, and/or buoys are on the port (left) side of a channel when entering.

These are known as lateral or channel marks and define the limits of the water that navigable across a channel.

Port and Starboard Marks

When it comes to buoys and marks that specify the port or starboard side of an object, the port side of an object is red and the starboard side of an object is green.

This is the same for when you’re sailing your boat when it comes to the foremost red and green lights on your vessel.

In regards to specific shapes of port and starboard marks, under the IALA B standards, port marks take the shape of a cone while the starboard marks take the shape of a can.

Safe Water Marks

A Safe Water Mark, also known as a Fairway buoy, is a red and white vertically striped object usually taking the shape of a sphere, pillar, or spar with a red ball on the top for the non-sphere shapes.

This mark usually indicates that you’re entering open and deep waters which should continue as you sail onwards.

Isolated Danger Marks

Having a mark named Isolated Danger Mark isn’t too comforting when you first read it, but it’s one of the most useful marks you’ll find. As the name implies, this mark indicates a location of potential hazard that should be avoided at all costs.

The Isolated Danger Mark should always be red and black horizontal bands with two black balls at the top. It should also have a flashing white light that comes in groups of two flashes.

Special Marks

A Special Mark can carry a number of different meanings, but it’s always displayed in the same way. Special Marks should be completely yellow and have an ‘X’ on the top of it.

A yellow flashing light is also found on the top of the Special Mark and can be seen quite distinctly at night. The reason you could find yourself near a Special Mark is due to it indicating

• Water skiing areas
• Anchorage areas
• Mooring areas
• Waiting areas
• Marine farms
• Historic wrecks
• Protected areas
• Sewerage pipes
• Submarine cables

Cardinal Buoyage System

Another useful set of buoys is based on the Cardinal Buoyage System, which was designed to indicate the safe passage around a potentially hazardous area.

These Cardinal Marks are signaling to vessels that there’s an area that’s shallow, contains sunken objects, reefs, rocks, or something else.

By observing the Cardinal Marks, you’ll be able to tell where not to go based on their explicit placement. For example, if you see a North Cardinal Mark, your vessel can safely pass the hazard by traveling North of that marker.

The same goes for South, East, and West Cardinal Marks. Cardinal Marks are always black and yellow horizontally striped pillars.

The North Cardinal Mark is black on the top, yellow on the bottom, has two vertical triangles pointing up, and has a continuously flashing white light on the top.

The South Cardinal Mark is yellow on the top, black on the bottom, has two vertical triangles pointing down, and has a flashing white light on the top that flashes in groups of six followed by one long flash.

The East Cardinal Mark is black with a yellow stripe in the middle, has two vertical triangles pointing outward, and has a flashing white light on the top that flashes in groups of three.

The West Cardinal Mark is yellow with a black stripe in the middle, has two vertical triangles pointing inward, and has a flashing white light on the top that flashes in groups of nine.

Sound Signals

There may be times when you’re out sailing and the visibility is just too poor to be able to point out any buoys, flags, or shapes of any kind. Thankfully, we have light signals that can help us out when it comes to navigation around other vessels and potentially hazardous areas.

However, there may be times when we need to communicate more direct messages much more quickly. If VHF is not an option under these conditions, the use of sound signals is your go-to solution.

“You Are Running into Danger”

There are plenty of useful sound signals to be able to send out as well as recognize when the moment’s right, but there’s one that everyone should be aware of.

When someone yells “heads up!”, it’s likely you’re going to cover your head as soon as possible. When out on the water, the “heads up” can come in the form of two distinct sounds.

When someone is attempting to warn you that “you are running into danger” or you need to inform another vessel of this, you’ll need to know the Morse code word for ‘U’.

The word ‘U’ is presented as a one-second horn blast followed by a 4-6 second horn blast. You can think of this as a short blast followed by a long blast.

In all likeliness, you’ll be the one hearing this sound signal as opposed to you sending it out. Most of the time when this sound signal is used, it’s coming from much larger vessels such as oil rigs, cruise ships, and other vessels of similar size.

Poor Visibility Sound Signals

There are a few sound signals that you should keep in mind when visibility becomes poor while out on the water. Some of the most important include:

• Power underway, making way: one 4-6 second blast and a 2-minute wait.
• Power underway, not making way: two 4-6 second blasts and a 2-minute wait.
• V essel sailing, fishing, not under command, towing, maneuverability restricted: one 4-6 second blast, two 1 second blasts, and a 2-minute wait.
• Last manned vessel of tow: one 4-6 second blast, three 1 second blasts, and a 2-minute wait.
• Warning from vessel at anchor: one 1 second blast, one 4-6 second blast, and one 1 second blast.
• Plot vessel on duty: four 1 second blasts.
• Vessel at anchor: 5 seconds of rapid bell ringing and a 1-minute wait.
• Vessel aground: 3 short bell rings, 5 seconds of rapid bell ringing, and 3 short bell rings.

Maneuvering and Warning Sound Signals

If you ever find yourself communicating with another vessel using sound signals, you’ll definitely need to confirm with one another who’s going to do what so as to avoid the risk of a collision.

Here are some of the most important sound signals you can use to communicate with other vessels.

• I’m altering course to starboard: one 1 second blast.
• I’m altering course to port: two 1 second blasts.
• I’m operating stern propulsion: three 1 second blasts.
• I don’t understand your intentions! I doubt you’re taking sufficient action to avoid collision: five or more 1-second blasts.
• I intend to overtake on your starboard side: two 4-6 second blasts and one 1 second blast.
• I intend to overtake on your port side: two 4-6 second blasts and two 1 second blasts.
• Agreement by overtaken vessel: one 4-6 second blast, one 1 second blast, one 4-6 second blast, and one 1 second blast.
• Approaching blind bend in channel: one 4-6 second blast.
• Reply from vessel on other side of bend: one 4-6 second blast.

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Foghorns on demand

To the editor: If you’ve spent time on a foggy coast, the sound of foghorns may be familiar. Technically called “sound signals,” they aren’t intended to be atmospheric but provide information to mariners during periods of restricted visibility and foul weather.

I was surprised to discover recently that Mariner Radio Activated Sound Signals (MRASS) would soon replace older fog detectors as activators on 11 foghorns on Long Island Sound. The MRASS approach uses an automated system radio-controlled by boaters. The horns themselves weren’t being eliminated, only the sensors that turn them on when fog is detected.

My own lack of knowledge about this underscores A) how much we take such things for granted, and B) perhaps what a small part foghorns play in the life of boaters.

There’s an online video from the U.S. Coast Guard that explains MRASS, but it seemed a reasonable idea to test the system prior to need. Other regions are already employing MRASS, and Rhode Island has updated four lighthouse foghorns. Friends have a sailboat on Narragansett Bay, so I enlisted them in our adventure. “I don’t know if I could avoid the temptation to set it off just to see,” said my husband, Tom.

That, I replied, is the idea.

So, in late September, Tom and I found ourselves on a boat ramp at Fort Adams in Newport Harbor launching Velella Velella , a 21-foot Sea Pearl. It’s an open gunkholing boat with two sails roller-furled on easily stepped masts, leeboards and two rowing stations. Though to this deepwater cruiser Velella Velella seemed mighty skimpy protection from anything, our friends have spent many days cruising her under many conditions.

It was a warm Sunday with ambient wind virtually zero and no sun to create a sea breeze, and the calm bay was crowded with boats. Our goal was Castle Hill Light, 1.75 miles down the coast from the southern arm of Newport Harbor. After giving us enough speed to tack out to a cruise ship astride the harbor entrance, the wind died to drifting speed. We carried an ebbing tide outside the rocky coast, negotiating the narrow boat over big wakes. For a long time we could see Castle Hill but not make out the lighthouse silhouette, and I steered as we ate a baguette with Camembert cheese and Honeycrisp apples.

The idea of the outing was to mimic what a boater would have to do off this coast in reduced visibility. The Lighthouse Friends website says the Lighthouse Board first requested funds for a navigational aid on Castle Hill in 1869, noting, “Applications have been made at various times in the past, and renewed this year, for a lighthouse and fog-signal on Castle Hill to guide vessels, especially in thick and foggy weather, into Newport Harbor and Narragansett Bay … it is recommended that an efficient fog-signal be authorized for this point.” Congress approved $10,000 in 1875, but nearby land was soon developed into summer cottages and the owners refused to sell, “fearing that a fog signal would depreciate the value of their property.” A fog bell was ultimately permitted with a screen to deflect the sound seaward.

Castle Hill Light is right on the rocks, virtually at sea level; above and behind is Castle Hill Inn, a classic old hotel where we saw guests milling about among white chairs scattered on a grass slope and a bass fiddle played under a white tent. How would they react to the bray of the foghorn?

As the nautical chart shows, the East Passage of Narragansett Bay makes a sharp turn at Castle Hill to avoid the bottom of Jamestown Island. It’s a reasonable place to be concerned about location in poor conditions. We couldn’t simulate fog, but that was okay because we wanted good visual contact to ascertain that we were indeed setting off this particular foghorn. The water was deep up to the rocks, and here the Sea Pearl showed her stuff, allowing us to row right under the light. Then, not to seem too obvious about what our deed would do to the hotel guests, we turned and headed north again. My husband was in charge of our hand-held VHF. With it held in his lap, he tuned to channel 83A and keyed the mic five times. Nothing happened. He tried it again just as I heard a warm-up sound I recognized from the Coast Guard video. Then:

“Brrrrnnn.”

“There she goes!”

We laughed excitedly, feeling vaguely delinquent, though all for a good cause.

It turned out to be easy to activate the horn from close up. The sequence is designed to work for boaters within two to four miles and in direct line of sight. A hand-held VHF like ours could have a shorter range. To ensure activation, the mic clicks should be on a regular beat, neither slow nor fast.

The wind had completely died and the tide, which should have turned to help us, showed little effect, so we rowed back to Newport. The boat moved easily, and we kept the sails rolled on the masts in hopes for a zephyr that never appeared. Halfway home, we lost the horn either from distance or shielding. MRASS horns are supposed to sound from 45 minutes to an hour after being activated.

Do foghorns have a future in this digitized electronic world? Just as you should back up chartplotters with paper charts, you should back up the boat’s electronic location finders with aids to navigation: lights, horns and buoys. Radar is a good way to “see” land and, let’s face it, ships are going to have multiple ways of fixing their position including sophisticated sonar.

Ships are actually still required to give sound signals. In Maine recently, on a series of dense fog mornings, the trail of cruise ships entering and leaving Bar Harbor moaned out their position. As the Coast Guard’s U.S. Aids to Navigation System booklet says, “You might hear certain sounds before you see the related objects or situations that require you to change course, such as another boat’s engine or sound signals, an Aid’s bell or gong, or noises from shore. (Note that sound travels far over water.)” What the MRASS system does is put the onus on mariners to know they are in need of a sound signal assist, removing the element of aiding someone who is perplexed.

It seems to me that there’s plenty of room for inferior function with the new system, but it’s here to stay. The Coast Guard has decided that MRASS is worthwhile, citing reduced maintenance cost in batteries and person hours as well as improved reliability. The non-upgraded horns depend on VM-100 fog detector sensors that use light beams to read the reflectivity of air caused by suspended water droplets.

In conditions of reduced visibility where lights can’t cut through, a horn will. Each foghorn’s unique sound signal, distinguished by tone and phase characteristics (specified number of blasts and silent periods per minute) helps identify where you are, though raster charts don’t seem to indicate the frequency and duration of the sound; you have to look for that in a Light List. Vector charts do include the information when you double-click on the lighthouse symbol.

It’s probably one of those unanswerable existential questions whether they are needed in the age of combustion engine noise and electronic chartplotters, but as in all safety equipment: When you need it, you really need it. Better a MRASS horn than none.

—Ann Hoffner voyaged for years with her husband Tom Bailey aboard their Peterson 44,  Oddly Enough .

By Ocean Navigator

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Sounds Signals & Fog Signals

Sound signals for vessel in sight of one another.

The following sound signals are taken from the IRPCS Rule 34

SOUND SIGNAL FOR VESSELS NOT IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER

FOG SIGNALS FOR VESSELS IN OR NEAR AN AREA OF RESTRICTED VISIBILITY

The following fog signals are taken from the IRPCS Rule 35

Short Blast

Prolonged blast, bell for 5 seconds, distinct bell stroke, gong for 5 seconds, doug’s top tips for exam candidates.

The observant reader will have noticed that each sound signal has a coloured dot next to it. Either * or * .

RYA/MCA Advanced Powerboat COC and Yachtmaster Coastal Exam candidates should as a minimum know all of the definitions marked with a * , however well prepared candidates will also know those marked red * .

I suggest that a Y achtmaster Offshore candidate should know all of the sound signals. Likewise a Master 200 or OOW3000 (or higher) candidate should know all of the above sound signals.

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Marine signal timers and controllers.

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Kahlenberg manufactures several marine signal controllers and horn control panels that automate sound and manuevering light signaling in restricted visibility for improved safety at sea.  

Producing automated restricted visibility codes, maneuvering codes, general alarm, and abandon ship codes per IMO and SOLAS requirements, these units and additional Kahlenberg controls can be configured for use with external alarm systems and sound surveillance systems to suit the needs of almost any arrangement of ship systems.

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Ships fooled in GPS spoofing attack suggest Russian cyberweapon

By David Hambling

10 August 2017

GPS signals of 20 ships in the Black Sea were hacked to indicate they were 32km inland

plainpicture/Tilby Vattard

Reports of satellite navigation problems in the Black Sea suggest that Russia may be testing a new system for spoofing GPS, New Scientist has learned. This could be the first hint of a new form of electronic warfare available to everyone from rogue nation states to petty criminals.

On 22 June, the US Maritime Administration filed a seemingly bland incident report. The master of a ship off the Russian port of Novorossiysk had discovered his GPS put him in the wrong spot – more than 32 kilometres inland, at Gelendzhik Airport.

After checking the navigation equipment was working properly, the captain contacted other nearby ships. Their AIS traces – signals from the automatic identification system used to track vessels – placed them all at the same airport. At least 20 ships were affected .

While the incident is not yet confirmed, experts think this is the first documented use of GPS misdirection – a spoofing attack that has long been warned of but never been seen in the wild.

Read more: “I’m alarmed at how much infrastructure is open to online attack”

Until now, the biggest worry for GPS has been it can be jammed by masking the GPS satellite signal with noise. While this can cause chaos, it is also easy to detect. GPS receivers sound an alarm when they lose the signal due to jamming. Spoofing is more insidious: a false signal from a ground station simply confuses a satellite receiver. “Jamming just causes the receiver to die, spoofing causes the receiver to lie,” says consultant David Last , former president of the UK’s Royal Institute of Navigation.

Todd Humphreys , of the University of Texas at Austin, has been warning of the coming danger of GPS spoofing for many years. In 2013, he showed how a superyacht with state-of-the-art navigation could be lured off-course by GPS spoofing. “The receiver’s behaviour in the Black Sea incident was much like during the controlled attacks my team conducted,” says Humphreys.

Humphreys thinks this is Russia experimenting with a new form of electronic warfare. Over the past year, GPS spoofing has been causing chaos for the receivers on phone apps in central Moscow to misbehave . The scale of the problem did not become apparent until people began trying to play Pokemon Go. The fake signal, which seems to centre on the Kremlin, relocates anyone nearby to Vnukovo Airport , 32 km away. This is probably for defensive reasons; many NATO guided bombs, missiles and drones rely on GPS navigation, and successful spoofing would make it impossible for them to hit their targets.

But now the geolocation interference is being used far away from the Kremlin. Some worry that this means that spoofing is getting easier. GPS spoofing previously required considerable technical expertise. Humphreys had to build his first spoofer from scratch in 2008, but notes that it can now be done with commercial hardware and software downloaded from the Internet.

Nor does it require much power. Satellite signals are very weak – about 20 watts from 20,000 miles away – so a one-watt transmitter on a hilltop, plane or drone is enough to spoof everything out to the horizon.

If the hardware and software are becoming more accessible, nation states soon won’t be the only ones using the technology. This is within the scope of any competent hacker . There have not yet been any authenticated reports of criminal spoofing, but it should not be difficult for criminals to use it to divert a driverless vehicle or drone delivery, or to hijack an autonomous ship. Spoofing will give everyone affected the same location, so a hijacker would just need a short-ranged system to affect one vehicle.

But Humphreys believes that spoofing by a state operator is the more serious threat. “It affects safety-of-life operations over a large area,” he says. “In congested waters with poor weather, such as the English Channel, it would likely cause great confusion, and probably collisions.”

Last says that the Black Sea incident suggests a new device capable of causing widespread disruption, for example, if used in the ongoing dispute with Ukraine. “My gut feeling is that this is a test of a system which will be used in anger at some other time.”

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The Comprehensive Guide to Moscow Nightlife

• Posted on April 14, 2018 July 26, 2018
• by Kings of Russia
• 8 minute read

Moscow’s nightlife scene is thriving, and arguably one of the best the world has to offer – top-notch Russian women, coupled with a never-ending list of venues, Moscow has a little bit of something for everyone’s taste. Moscow nightlife is not for the faint of heart – and if you’re coming, you better be ready to go Friday and Saturday night into the early morning.

This comprehensive guide to Moscow nightlife will run you through the nuts and bolts of all you need to know about Moscow’s nightclubs and give you a solid blueprint to operate with during your time in Moscow.

What you need to know before hitting Moscow nightclubs

Prices in moscow nightlife.

Before you head out and start gaming all the sexy Moscow girls , we have to talk money first. Bring plenty because in Moscow you can never bring a big enough bankroll. Remember, you’re the man so making a fuzz of not paying a drink here or there will not go down well.

Luckily most Moscow clubs don’t do cover fees. Some electro clubs will charge 15-20$, depending on their lineup. There’s the odd club with a minimum spend of 20-30$, which you’ll drop on drinks easily. By and large, you can scope out the venues for free, which is a big plus.

Bottle service is a great deal in Moscow. At top-tier clubs, it starts at 1,000$. That’ll go a long way with premium vodka at 250$, especially if you have three or four guys chipping in. Not to mention that it’s a massive status boost for getting girls, especially at high-end clubs.

Without bottle service, you should estimate a budget of 100-150$ per night. That is if you drink a lot and hit the top clubs with the hottest girls. Scale down for less alcohol and more basic places.

Dress code & Face control

Door policy in Moscow is called “face control” and it’s always the guy behind the two gorillas that gives the green light if you’re in or out.

In Moscow nightlife there’s only one rule when it comes to dress codes:

You can never be underdressed.

People dress A LOT sharper than, say, in the US and that goes for both sexes. For high-end clubs, you definitely want to roll with a sharp blazer and a pocket square, not to mention dress shoes in tip-top condition. Those are the minimum requirements to level the playing field vis a vis with other sharply dressed guys that have a lot more money than you do. Unless you plan to hit explicit electro or underground clubs, which have their own dress code, you are always on the money with that style.

Getting in a Moscow club isn’t as hard as it seems: dress sharp, speak English at the door and look like you’re in the mood to spend all that money that you supposedly have (even if you don’t). That will open almost any door in Moscow’s nightlife for you.

Types of Moscow Nightclubs

In Moscow there are four types of clubs with the accompanying female clientele:

High-end clubs:

These are often crossovers between restaurants and clubs with lots of tables and very little space to dance. Heavy accent on bottle service most of the time but you can work the room from the bar as well. The hottest and most expensive girls in Moscow go there. Bring deep pockets and lots of self-confidence and you have a shot at swooping them.

Regular Mid-level clubs:

They probably resemble more what you’re used to in a nightclub: big dancefloors, stages and more space to roam around. Bottle service will make you stand out more but you can also do well without. You can find all types of girls but most will be in the 6-8 range. Your targets should always be the girls drinking and ideally in pairs. It’s impossible not to swoop if your game is at least half-decent.

Basic clubs/dive bars:

Usually spots with very cheap booze and lax face control. If you’re dressed too sharp and speak no Russian, you might attract the wrong type of attention so be vigilant. If you know the local scene you can swoop 6s and 7s almost at will. Usually students and girls from the suburbs.

Electro/underground clubs:

Home of the hipsters and creatives. Parties there don’t mean meeting girls and getting drunk but doing pills and spacing out to the music. Lots of attractive hipster girls if that is your niche. That is its own scene with a different dress code as well.

What time to go out in Moscow

Moscow nightlife starts late. Don’t show up at bars and preparty spots before 11pm because you’ll feel fairly alone. Peak time is between 1am and 3am. That is also the time of Moscow nightlife’s biggest nuisance: concerts by artists you won’t know and who only distract your girls from drinking and being gamed. From 4am to 6am the regular clubs are emptying out but plenty of people, women included, still hit up one of the many afterparty clubs. Those last till well past 10am.

As far as days go: Fridays and Saturdays are peak days. Thursday is an OK day, all other days are fairly weak and you have to know the right venues.

The Ultimate Moscow Nightclub List

Short disclaimer: I didn’t add basic and electro clubs since you’re coming for the girls, not for the music. This list will give you more options than you’ll be able to handle on a weekend.

Preparty – start here at 11PM

Classic restaurant club with lots of tables and a smallish bar and dancefloor. Come here between 11pm and 12am when the concert is over and they start with the actual party. Even early in the night tons of sexy women here, who lean slightly older (25 and up).

The second floor of the Ugolek restaurant is an extra bar with dim lights and house music tunes. Very small and cozy with a slight hipster vibe but generally draws plenty of attractive women too. A bit slower vibe than Valenok.

Very cool, spread-out venue that has a modern library theme. Not always full with people but when it is, it’s brimming with top-tier women. Slow vibe here and better for grabbing contacts and moving on.

High-end: err on the side of being too early rather than too late because of face control.

Secret Room

Probably the top venue at the moment in Moscow . Very small but wildly popular club, which is crammed with tables but always packed. They do parties on Thursdays and Sundays as well. This club has a hip-hop/high-end theme, meaning most girls are gold diggers, IG models, and tattooed hip hop chicks. Very unfavorable logistics because there is almost no room no move inside the club but the party vibe makes it worth it. Strict face control.

Close to Secret Room and with a much more favorable and spacious three-part layout. This place attracts very hot women but also lots of ball busters and fakes that will leave you blue-balled. Come early because after 4am it starts getting empty fast. Electronic music.

A slightly kitsch restaurant club that plays Russian pop and is full of gold diggers, semi-pros, and men from the Caucasus republics. Thursday is the strongest night but that dynamic might be changing since Secret Room opened its doors. You can swoop here but it will be a struggle.

Mid-level: your sweet spot in terms of ease and attractiveness of girls for an average budget.

Started going downwards in 2018 due to lax face control and this might get even worse with the World Cup. In terms of layout one of the best Moscow nightclubs because it’s very big and bottle service gives you a good edge here. Still attracts lots of cute girls with loose morals but plenty of provincial girls (and guys) as well. Swooping is fairly easy here.

I haven’t been at this place in over a year, ever since it started becoming ground zero for drunken teenagers. Similar clientele to Icon but less chic, younger and drunker. Decent mainstream music that attracts plenty of tourists. Girls are easy here as well.

Sort of a Coyote Ugly (the real one in Moscow sucks) with party music and lots of drunken people licking each others’ faces. Very entertaining with the right amount of alcohol and very easy to pull in there. Don’t think about staying sober in here, you’ll hate it.

Artel Bessonitsa/Shakti Terrace

Electronic music club that is sort of a high-end place with an underground clientele and located between the teenager clubs Icon and Gipsy. Very good music but a bit all over the place with their vibe and their branding. You can swoop almost any type of girl here from high-heeled beauty to coked-up hipsters, provided they’re not too sober.

Afterparty: if by 5AM  you haven’t pulled, it’s time to move here.

Best afterparty spot in terms of trying to get girls. Pretty much no one is sober in there and savage gorilla game goes a long way. Lots of very hot and slutty-looking girls but it can be hard to tell apart who is looking for dick and who is just on drugs but not interested. If by 9-10am you haven’t pulled, it is probably better to surrender.

The hipster alternative for afterparties, where even more drugs are in play. Plenty of attractive girls there but you have to know how to work this type of club. A nicer atmosphere and better music but if you’re desperate to pull, you’ll probably go to Miks.

Weekday jokers: if you’re on the hunt for some sexy Russian girls during the week, here are two tips to make your life easier.

Chesterfield

Ladies night on Wednesdays means this place gets pretty packed with smashed teenagers and 6s and 7s. Don’t pull out the three-piece suit in here because it’s a “simpler” crowd. Definitely your best shot on Wednesdays.

If you haven’t pulled at Chesterfield, you can throw a Hail Mary and hit up Garage’s Black Music Wednesdays. Fills up really late but there are some cute Black Music groupies in here. Very small club. Thursday through Saturday they do afterparties and you have an excellent shot and swooping girls that are probably high.

Shishas Sferum

This is pretty much your only shot on Mondays and Tuesdays because they offer free or almost free drinks for women. A fairly low-class club where you should watch your drinks. As always the case in Moscow, there will be cute girls here on any day of the week but it’s nowhere near as good as on the weekend.

In a nutshell, that is all you need to know about where to meet Moscow girls in nightlife. There are tons of options, and it all depends on what best fits your style, based on the type of girls that you’re looking for.

Related Topics

• moscow girls
• moscow nightlife

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