yacht racing rules mark rounding

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Sailboat Racing Rules around Marks

• By Dick Rose
• Updated: April 22, 2019

Every four years, when the International Sailing Federation revises sailboat racing rules, there is increased demand for information explaining the rule changes . This year was no exception. I thought the new definition of Mark-Room was this year’s most important sailboat racing rules change, and from my experience conducting seminars, many competitors do not understand how the sailing rule 18, or mark-room rule—works in concert with the other rules of Part 2.

Sailing rule 18, titled “Mark-Room,” is obviously the most important rule when you’re near a mark. However, it doesn’t apply in every situation at every mark, and when it does apply, others rules also apply. Rule 18’s intent is to enable two or more boats that are close to one another to round or pass a mark without damage or injury in a fair, orderly, and predictable way that preserves the order of the boats that was established before they reached the mark. Before we can even begin to understand mark rounding sailing rules, and specifically Rule 18, we must learn the following five basic principles:

1. Whenever two boats meet, a rule applies that requires one of the two boats to keep clear . The other boat is the right-of-way boat, and the rule, which is called a “right-of-way rule,” is almost always one of the four rules in Section A. One, and only one, of those four rules can apply at any moment in time between a pair of boats. There are exceptions to this principle, but they rarely occur (if you’re inclined, see Rules 19.3, 22, and 23).

2. Nine rules in Part 2 define when one boat must give another boat room or mark-room to perform a specified maneuver. I call these “ room rules.” Rule 18 is one of them.

3. When a boat that has right of way is simultaneously required to give room , both the right-of-way rule and the room rule apply. Also, when a boat that must keep clear of another boat is simultaneously required to give that other boat room , both the right-of-way rule and the room rule apply.

4. When two boats meet, particularly when contact occurs, it often happens that each boat breaks a rule. In such a case, one of the two may be exonerated. There are three rules that provide for exoneration: Rules 64.1(a), 21, and 14(b).

5. Whenever two or more boats meet, Part 2 rules apply pair-wise between them. If Peter, Paul, and Mary are involved in an incident, for example, the rules must be applied separately to Peter and Paul, Peter and Mary, and Paul and Mary. The rules that apply to one pair often do not apply to another. For example, if Mary is on starboard tack , and Peter and Paul are on port and overlapped , Rule 10 applies between Mary and Peter, and between Mary and Paul, but Rule 11 applies between Peter and Paul.

Additional Explanation of Sailing Rule 18

Sailing Rule 18 is by far the longest and wordiest of all Part 2 rules. Its main purpose is to state when one of a pair of boats must give mark-room to the other. Mark-Room must be given only when one of three sub-parts of Rule 18 applies—Rule 18.2(a), Rule 18.2(b), or Rule 18.3(b). Before we examine how each of these three rules works, it’s logical to explore when Rule 18 applies.

Rule 18 is in Section C of Part 2. Rule 18.1’s first sentence contains a condition that must be met before any part of Rule 18 applies between a pair of boats. The boats must both be required to leave the mark that they are near on the same side, and one of them must be in the three-length zone around the mark . There are, however, circumstances under which Rule 18 does not apply, even if the condition in Rule 18.1’s first sentence is met (see Rules 18.1(a), (b), (c), (d), and the preamble to Section C). Here’s a simplified list of those circumstances. Rule 18 does not apply if:

The pair of boats is approaching a starting mark surrounded by navigable water on their final approach to start.

The boats are on opposite tacks on a beat to windward.

The boats meet while one of them is approaching the mark and the other has already rounded it and is leaving it (see diagrams).

The mark is so large that it is a “continuing obstruction .” That term is not defined in the rules, but the only times I have seen it apply are when you are required to round an island to sail the course. In that case, Rule 19 applies while you round and not Rule 18.

So what’s left? Rule 18 does apply: at all leeward marks , including the marks of a gate at the end of a leeward leg, at the marks at the end of reaching legs, and at all finishing marks ; also at a windward mark , but only if the two boats in the pair are on the same tack ; and at all “passing marks .”

Passing mark is my name for a mark that boats are required to leave on a specified side at all times while racing . For example, suppose a sailing instruction states, “Boats shall pass offshore of Bell Buoy #3 off Rocky Point and the orange buoys off the swimming area at Smith’s Beach.” Bell Buoy #3 and the orange buoys off Smith’s Beach are, therefore, “objects the sailing instructions require boats to leave on a specified side.” Therefore, each of those buoys is a mark (see definition Mark ), and Rule 18 applies between two boats when they both pass one of those buoys on the required side.

Now, finally, let’s begin to discuss situations in which one boat in a pair is required to give the other boat mark-room . Rule 18.2(b) covers about 90 percent of these situations. We’ll discuss two simple Rule 18.2(b) situations this month. In the next issue, I’ll cover more examples involving Rule 18.2(b) and also discuss situations in which mark-room must be given under either Rule 18.2(a) or Rule 18.3(b).

In the examples in Diagrams 3 and 4, two boats are overlapped at the moment when the first of them reaches the zone . The mark is a leeward mark that the boats are required to leave to port, and the next leg is a beat to windward. In these two examples, the inside overlapped boat begins to be entitled by Rules 18.2(b) and (c) to mark-room at the time she reaches the zone . Rule 18.2(c)(1) tells her that she will continue to be entitled to mark-room even if the overlap is broken or a new overlap begins. The inside boat’s right to mark-room will end when she has been given mark-room and had time to take it, or if she passes head to wind or leaves the zone , whichever of those three events occurs first. While Rule 18.2(b) applies, at least three other rules also apply. One is the basic right-of-way rule applicable between the two boats. The others are Rule 21 and Rule 14. In some Rule 18.2(b) situations, one or more of Rules 16.1, 17, and 18.4 also apply.

In the situation in Diagram 3, Amos and Annie are both on port tack with Amos having right of way under Rule 11. Annie, the inside boat, is entitled to mark-room . That is room to carry out two maneuvers— room to sail to the mark and room to round the mark as necessary to sail the course. Room for Annie to sail to the mark is space to sail in an approximately straight line from where she enters the zone to a position in which the mark is on her port side and close alongside her. Room for Annie to round the mark as necessary to sail the course is space to round up from her downwind course to a close-hauled port-tack course.

The definition Room implies that Annie is entitled to the space she needs in the existing conditions to make these two maneuvers promptly in a seamanlike way—i.e., she is entitled to space to make a seamanlike, but not a tactical approach to and rounding of the mark . If she sails within that space, she will be exonerated under Rule 21 if she breaks Rule 11, or if she is compelled to touch the mark . Also, Annie may round up to a close-hauled port-tack course as rapidly as she pleases, provided she does so in a seamanlike way, and Amos must anticipate her right to do so. Amos must give Annie the mark-room to which she is entitled, and if he fails to do so, he breaks Rule 18.2(b).

In Diagram 4, both boats are on starboard tack with Alice, as the leeward boat, holding right of way under Rule 11 and, as the inside boat, entitled to mark-room under Rule 18.2(b). Because Alice has the right of way, she has better options than Annie had in the Diagram 3 situation. While she has right of way, Alice may use her right of way to sail farther from the mark than Annie was permitted to sail in the Diagram 3 situation.

Having right of way entitles Alice to set up for a wide-then-close tactical approach and rounding. However, if she does so, she must comply with Rule 16.1 if she changes her course, with Rule 17 if it applies between her and Ted, and with Rule 18.4 by not sailing farther from the mark before jibing than she would have sailed if Ted were not present. Also, if Alice does choose to make the tactical approach to the mark , she will not be “sailing within the mark-room to which she is entitled.” Therefore, she will not be exonerated under Rule 21 if she breaks Rule 16.1. When Alice jibes, Ted becomes the right-of-way boat, so Alice will lose her right to make a tactical rounding, and the rules that will apply to her will be those that applied to Annie in Diagram 3. However, after Alice jibes, if she sails within the space that mark-room entitles her to, she will enjoy the protection that Rule 21 provides.

This discussion of Rule 18.2(b) enables us to answer a question that’s frequently asked: “When can I make a tactical approach and rounding of a mark , and when am I limited to just a seamanlike approach and rounding?” The answer is: “If you are entitled to mark-room and have right of way, you may position your boat for a tactical approach and rounding. If you are entitled to mark-room but do not have right of way, then you are only entitled to space for a seamanlike approach and rounding.”

This article first appeared in the November/December 2013 issue of Sailing World, and is part of a series. Click here to read Part II, “Overlapped at the Zone.”

Mark-Room Diagram 1

Mark-Room Diagram 2

Mark-Room Diagram 3

Mark-Room Diagram 4

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Published on March 15th, 2022 | by Editor

On a mission to simplify Mark-Room rule

Published on March 15th, 2022 by Editor -->

Dave Perry, as the chair of a World Sailing Racing Rules Committee working party, is on a mission to simplify Rule 18 (Mark-Room). But he needs help… here’s his pitch:

Without a doubt, the most complicated rule in the rule book is Rule 18, Mark-Room. It is the rule that applies when boats are rounding or passing marks. The World Sailing Racing Rules Committee has commissioned a Rule 18 Working Party made up of international sailors and rules experts to try and find ways to simplify Rule 18 without significantly changing the way the game is currently being played.

We are now looking for fleets who would be willing to test a new Rule 18 between May 1 and July 15, 2022. The test would include a packet with the test rule and supporting information, a Zoom session with a member of the Rule 18 WP for all the participants before the testing began, and a follow-up Zoom session at the end of the test period for the participants to share their experiences, thoughts and suggestions.

Any fleets, clubs, sailing organizations or classes, etc. willing to help the Rule 18 WP by testing a new rule 18, please contact me at [email protected] .

Here’s Rule 18 as currently written in the 2021-2024 Racing Rules of Sailing:

18 MARK-ROOM

18.1 When Rule 18 Applies Rule 18 applies between boats when they are required to leave a mark on the same side and at least one of them is in the zone. However, it does not apply: (a) between boats on opposite tacks on a beat to windward, (b) between boats on opposite tacks when the proper course at the mark for one but not both of them is to tack, (c) between a boat approaching a mark and one leaving it, or (d) if the mark is a continuing obstruction , in which case rule 19 applies. Rule 18 no longer applies between boats when mark-room has been given.

18.2 Giving Mark-Room (a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat mark-room , unless rule 18.2(b) applies. (b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone , the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room . If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone , the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-room . (c) When a boat is required to give mark-room by rule 18.2(b),

(1) she shall continue to do so even if later an overlap is broken or a new overlap begins; (2) if she becomes overlapped inside the boat entitled to mark-room , she shall also give that boat room to sail her proper course while they remain overlapped .

(d) Rules 18.2(b) and (c) cease to apply if the boat entitled to mark-room passes head to wind or leaves the zone . (e) If there is reasonable doubt that a boat obtained or broke an overlap in time, it shall be presumed that she did not. (f) If a boat obtained an inside overlap from clear astern or by tacking to windward of the other boat and, from the time the overlap began, the outside boat has been unable to give mark- room , she is not required to give it.

18.3 Passing Head to Wind in the Zone If a boat in the zone of a mark to be left to port passes head to wind from port to starboard tack and is then fetching the mark , she shall not cause a boat that has been on starboard tack since entering the zone to sail above close-hauled to avoid contact and she shall give mark-room if that boat becomes overlapped inside her. When this rule applies between boats, rule 18.2 does not apply between them.

18.4 Gybing When an inside overlapped right-of-way boat must gybe at a mark to sail her proper course , until she gybes she shall sail no farther from the mark than needed to sail that course. Rule 18.4 does not apply at a gate mark .

For the definition of italicized words, click here .

Tags: Dave Perry , Racing Rules of Sailing , World Sailing

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The Mark Rounding Techniques

Improve your sailboat racing performance and enhance your overall experience by mastering the essential skill of mark rounding techniques.

Welcome to our unique and adventurous website, dedicated to those who are leaving the rat race behind, purchasing a boat, and setting sail to explore the world with their families. In this article, we will delve into the exciting world of racing and regattas, focusing on the essential skill of mark rounding techniques. Whether you’re a seasoned sailor or just starting, these techniques will help you improve your racing performance and enjoy the thrill of competition.

Table of Contents

Introduction to mark rounding, the importance of mark rounding, types of marks and rounding directions, approaching the mark, rounding the mark, exiting the mark, common mistakes and how to avoid them.

In sailboat racing, mark rounding is the process of navigating around a designated buoy or mark on the racecourse. These marks define the course and dictate the direction in which the boats must sail. Rounding marks efficiently and strategically is crucial to a successful race, as it can significantly impact your position and overall performance.

Mark rounding is a critical aspect of sailboat racing for several reasons:

• Positioning : Proper mark rounding can help you maintain or improve your position in the race. A well-executed rounding can put you ahead of your competitors or prevent them from overtaking you.
• Strategy : Mark rounding is an opportunity to implement tactical decisions, such as choosing the best side of the course or positioning yourself to take advantage of wind shifts.
• Safety : Efficient mark rounding reduces the risk of collisions and other incidents, ensuring a safe and enjoyable race for all participants.
• Rules : Adhering to the racing rules during mark rounding is essential to avoid penalties and disqualifications.

There are several types of marks used in sailboat racing, each with its rounding direction:

• Windward marks : These marks are located upwind of the starting line and are rounded to port (left) or starboard (right), depending on the course configuration.
• Leeward marks : Positioned downwind of the starting line, leeward marks are typically rounded to port or starboard, as specified by the race committee.
• Gates : A gate consists of two marks, and boats can choose to round either one. Gates are often used as leeward marks to provide more tactical options for racers.
• Offset marks : These marks are placed a short distance away from a windward or leeward mark, creating a small triangle. Boats must round the primary mark first, then the offset mark, to prevent congestion and collisions.

Key Mark Rounding Techniques

The approach to the mark is crucial, as it sets the stage for a successful rounding. Here are some tips for a smooth approach:

• Plan ahead : Anticipate the rounding direction and adjust your course accordingly. Keep an eye on the wind, current, and other boats to make informed decisions.
• Maintain speed : As you approach the mark, maintain your boat speed to avoid losing ground to competitors.
• Choose your lane : Position yourself in a favorable lane, considering factors such as wind shifts, current, and other boats. Avoid getting trapped in a “bad air” situation, where another boat’s sails block the wind.
• Know the rules : Familiarize yourself with the racing rules, particularly those related to mark rounding, to avoid penalties and conflicts with other boats.

Once you’ve reached the mark, it’s time to execute the rounding. Follow these steps for a smooth and efficient turn:

• Steer smoothly : Begin your turn by smoothly steering the boat around the mark, avoiding sudden or jerky movements that can slow you down.
• Adjust sails : As you round the mark, adjust your sails to match the new course and wind angle. For example, when rounding a windward mark, ease the sails to transition from upwind to downwind sailing.
• Communicate with your crew : Ensure that your crew is aware of the rounding plan and their responsibilities during the maneuver. Clear communication is vital for a successful rounding.
• Keep an eye on competitors : Be aware of other boats during the rounding, especially those with right-of-way or overlap. Give them room to round the mark and avoid collisions.

After rounding the mark, it’s essential to focus on your exit strategy to maintain or improve your position in the race:

• Accelerate quickly : Once you’ve rounded the mark, focus on accelerating as quickly as possible to regain speed and momentum.
• Choose your course : Determine the best course for the next leg of the race, considering factors such as wind shifts, current, and other boats.
• Defend your position : If you’re ahead of your competitors, use tactics such as covering or luffing to defend your position and prevent them from overtaking you.
• Look for opportunities : If you’re behind other boats, look for opportunities to gain ground, such as taking advantage of wind shifts or finding clear air.

Here are some common mark rounding mistakes and how to avoid them:

• Oversteering : Turning too sharply around the mark can slow you down and make it difficult to regain speed. To avoid this, steer smoothly and gradually during the rounding.
• Poor communication : Confusion or miscommunication among the crew can lead to mistakes and lost time. Ensure that everyone is aware of the rounding plan and their responsibilities.
• Not giving room : Failing to give room to boats with right-of-way or overlap can result in penalties or collisions. Be aware of the racing rules and give other boats the space they need to round the mark safely.
• Losing focus : It’s easy to get caught up in the excitement of mark rounding and lose focus on your overall race strategy. Stay focused on your goals and make decisions that will benefit your position in the race.

Mark rounding is a critical skill in sailboat racing, with a significant impact on your performance and position in the race. By mastering the techniques of approaching, rounding, and exiting the mark, you can improve your racing skills and enjoy the thrill of competition. Remember to plan ahead, communicate with your crew, and stay focused on your overall race strategy. Happy sailing!

Five expert tips for a leeward mark rounding

Five expert tips for a leeward mark rounding | Republished from  Yachting World  – Original article published January 30, 2023

Olympic Gold medallist Dylan Fletcher talks through leeward mark rounding strategy and how to come out on top with Andy Rice .

The leeward mark is one of the biggest pinch points on the race course, with the opportunity for huge gains – or the risk of enormous losses. Dylan Fletcher says the most important ingredient for a successful leeward mark rounding is to start planning well in advance of the moment. “Where are you aiming on the next leg? And where does that mean you need to be positioning yourself halfway down the run in order to get the correct rounding to execute your longer-term race strategy?”

This is particularly important at a leeward gate when you have a choice of marks, although the same still applies for single leeward marks. Dylan shares his five best tips for ensuring you achieve the entry and, more importantly, the clean exit out of the bottom of the race course.

Prepare the team Make sure everyone knows the plan well in advance, and that everyone is clear about their job during the drop and the rounding. That includes a plan for if, and when, things go wrong – for example if the kite falls in the water during the drop. Who’s going to leave their normal post to get up on the foredeck and help get it back on board?

Over time you should aim to build up a playbook, including the timings for how far in advance you should begin the jib hoist and the gennaker drop in, say, 5, 10 and 20 knots of breeze. The more you can turn the rounding into a procedure that runs like clockwork, the more boats you’ll pass.

Avoid the slow soak One of the most critical factors is to make sure you’re coming into the leeward mark zone at a pretty hot angle with good boat speed for as long as possible. One of the worst scenarios is finding yourself trying to soak down towards the leeward mark with no speed. It’s not so bad with a symmetrical spinnaker where you can square back the pole, although it’s still not ideal. In a bowsprit boat, soaking down from a high angle, and going slow with the sails barely filling is tactical death. Don’t be that boat.

Avoid the slow soak coming into a mark situation, which can allow the rest of the fleet to get around the outside

Come in hot The ideal approach is broad reaching in towards the mark on starboard, right on layline, or if it’s light winds even slightly below layline. This will enable you to build as much apparent wind as possible which will carry you through the bad air of the boats floating down from to windward of you. Now is your opportunity to make big gains. A drop-gybe on a small to medium-size keelboat is the best manoeuvre, where you’re coming in on starboard below the bulk of the fleet, dropping the kite on starboard side and gybing at the mark then rounding up tight and in the high lane as you exit the mark on to the new windward leg.

Use the current Current can and will have an enormous effect on the way you approach the leeward mark. When you’re punching against a current that’s flowing upwind, be very cautious about dropping the kite too soon. In anything but strong wind, you can be dropping as you’re turning up around the mark. Don’t allow yourself to get caught in that situation where you’ve dropped early and you’re only just making ground against the current. This is the one time when it’s okay to drop a bit too late and tidy up the mess as you’re being carried upwind on the current conveyor belt.

On the other hand, if the current is carrying you downwind, err on the side of dropping the kite too soon and be absolutely ready to turn upwind as soon as the bow passes the mark. Even if there’s only the tiniest gap between the mark and the boat ahead or on the outside of you, go for the gap! When the current is taking you downwind, once you’re level with the mark, that gap will always open up for you. So don’t be shy, take it.

Exit strategy When you have a choice of gate marks to go around, don’t necessarily be tempted by a biased gate and simply go for the shortest distance every time. A biased gate should be just one minor factor in a number of considerations. The main thing is to give yourself the best chance of a clear lane out to the favoured side of the course.

So if you know it’s a ‘go left’ course on the upwind legs, most of the fleet will be turning right through the gate and sheeting in on starboard. Rather than fighting for clear air in that long line of boats, a good alternative can be to go around the left-hand mark and tack immediately, or as soon as possible, onto starboard after completing the rounding. Be prepared to put up with some short-term traffic and congestion if it ends up giving you a clean lane in the right direction for the next leg.

YACHTING WORLD //  https://www.yachtingworld.com Yachting World has had its finger on the pulse of sailing since 1894 (though some of us joined a little more recently). We reckon we are the most enthusiastic sailing fans in the world: we love boats of all kinds, modern and classic, we like racing and cruising, are fascinated by innovation yet revere tradition, and nothing that floats is too big or too small for our tastes. Every day online and every month in print we bring you the very best in adventurous sailing, whether that be bluewater cruising, ocean racing, high latitudes exploring, or anything in between, and we pride ourselves on our independent tests, in-depth reports and top quality photojournalism.

ABOUT DOYLE SAILS //  Around the world, Doyle Sails has over 500 sailmakers in 46 different locations, all equally passionate about sailing – living and breathing our ethos ’Global Leaders and Local Experts.’

As sailors, our obsession with sailing connects us to the water. The water is our playground, a sanctuary where we seek enjoyment, a competitive playing field where we race as competitors; it’s sometimes our home and always a place that unlocks our sense of adventure wherever that adventure might take us. Behind every adventure is a Doyle sailor who shares this same obsession as you. We put your journey at the very heart of what we do to deliver the ultimate enjoyment and performance, powering our constant need to push the boundaries in sail design and innovation, to reimagine sailing.

From dinghies, club racers and cruising yachts through to Grand Prix campaigns and Superyachts, we are your experts. Meet our team  here .

Dave Dellenbaugh Sailing

David Dellenbaugh is a champion helmsman, tactician, author, coach, rules expert and seminar leader who has spent his career helping sailors sail faster and smarter.Here are the learning resources that he has created to help you improve your racing skills.

• Around the Buoys

Mark Rounding Moves

Mark roundings always seem to be a frenzy. They bring the whole fleet together into one small area, and this means there's usually a lot to gain or lose. You can probably remember, with great satisfaction, at least a few times when you slipped inside a big pack at a leeward mark. And I'm sure you'd like to forget a few other times when you were caught in the pack and let everyone round the mark inside of you.

Rounding marks is an art that requires a learning attitude and a lot of experience to perfect. Fortunately, the mistakes you make along the way will help you get better and better at turning tight mark rounding situations into race-winning opportunities. Here are some moves from my own racing notebook:

At reaching and leeward marks

The Last-Minute Twist. One of the most important parts of any mark rounding is gaining or breaking that critical overlap as you approach the two-boatlength circle. If another boat is close behind, there are several ways to prevent her from getting an inside overlap. The simplest and most effective is to make a substantial course change away from her just before you get to two boatlengths. Remember that you have to break the overlap before you get to the two-boatlength circle. Once you've reached the circle, hail "No room" and go back to your original course for the mark.

One move that's effective when you have a leeward boat stubbornly holding onto an inside overlap is to slide down as close as you can on top of her so the effect of your bad air is maximized. Another trick is to slow down and let that boat sail into your wind shadow. If your timing is right (several boatlengths before the mark), you can arrange it so the other boat will slow and you will surge ahead just before you get to the two-boatlength circle.

Surfing Style. The stern waves created by a boat ahead present both good and bad news as far as getting an overlap from astern is concerned. The good news is that you can often catch up to a boat ahead by riding up her stern wave diagonally toward her transom. However, it's usually very difficult to get over the final wave just off her transom. Often your best bet for an overlap is to slide farther to leeward and try to break through the wave where it's not so big.

Getting mark-room on boats ahead. If you're coming into a mark behind a pack of boats, watch carefully where the outside boats begin their turn to go around the mark. Often the boats on the outside of a pack will turn for the mark when they're still wide of the zone. When this happens, you often gain an inside overlap on them and are entitled to mark-room. If this happens, yell loudly to the boats that you're overlapped with, since they usually aren't planning to give room to you.

Using a Lookout. If you're on a bigger boat that can tolerate a little weight in the ends and there is any doubt about whether you have an overlap or are overlapped, have a crewmember ready to run to the bow or stern and sight abeam. It's much easier for someone on the bow to call an overlap than for a skipper, who's steering in the middle of the boat. In addition, if the incident ever finds its way into the protest room, many juries will be impressed if you've made an effort to do this.

The Conservative Approach. Whenever an overlap is in question, the onus of proof is on the boat that claims to have gained the advantage at the last minute. For example, if you're clear astern and you get an overlap just before the boat ahead gets to the two-boatlength circle, you'll have to prove this should the matter be brought to a hearing. Therefore, no matter how right you think you are, don't force your way inside if the other boat isn't inclined to give you room. Instead, swing wide, take her stern, and protest if necessary. Granted it will be hard to win such a protest unless you have good witnesses, but if you muscle your way inside, it will be at least as hard to avoid being thrown out.

One of the most important considerations as you approach a mark is establishing your position relative to the other boat when you are still several boatlengths away. A conversation might run as follows:

You: I have an inside overlap. Them: You can't call for room yet. We're not at two boatlengths. You: I know that. I just wanted to point out that I have an overlap now. Do you agree? Them: I guess so.

Once you get the other boat to agree that there is an overlap, then the onus will be on her if she claims to break it before the two-boatlength circle.

Hailing Not Required. One of the most common misconceptions about mark roundings is that the inside boat is required to hail for buoy room. I was judging at one protest hearing where an outside boat had forced an inside boat to crash into the leeward mark head-on. When asked why he had failed to provide room, the skipper of the outside boat admitted that there was an overlap, but said that he hadn't heard even a peep from the other boat. You can probably guess what action the jury took. A hail is not mandatory when two boats are rounding or passing a mark. The rule says simply that if there's a boat inside of you, you have to give mark-room -- it doesn't make this obligation conditional on a hail. However, a hail can be helpful in establishing your rights if you're gaining or breaking an overlap, or if an outside boat isn't giving you enough mark-room. So it's usually a good idea to be vocal.

The Early Takedown. Once you get to the zone, the fight to gain or break an overlap is definitely over, and it's time to start going around the mark. In the first race of the 1985 Congressional Cup, we were just ahead of John Kolius as we approached the leeward mark with only one short windward leg to go. We were so obsessed with not letting him get an inside overlap, however, that our takedown was late and our chute wrapped around the shrouds as we hardened up. Kolius, meanwhile, had taken down earlier, swung wide, and rounded inside of us. We sure learned our lesson: If in doubt, take your spinnaker down early. The amount you can gain by keeping it up a little longer is usually not worth the chance of screwing things up.

When Slow is Fast. Remember, you should pass close enough to reaching and leeward marks to reach out and touch them. It almost never pays to be any farther away. Doing this means you will often have to kill some of your speed so you can round right on the transom of the boat ahead. There's nothing that says you have to keep driving around at full throttle all the time, and this is often a perfect chance to practice slowing down Perhaps the best technique to use is our favorite brake, the rudder, to oversteer back and forth.

The Buzzard Approach. When you're slowing down and waiting to round behind another boat, don't put your mind on hold as well. There's always a chance that the boat ahead will make a wide rounding and give you a chance to sneak inside. You have to adopt a buzzard's mentality and position yourself so you're always ready to grab any scraps the other boats may throw your way.

The Squeeze Play: Of course, you have to watch out for all the buzzards behind you. It can be a major inconvenience if a boat astern thinks that just because you swing a little wide there will be room for her to squeeze between you and the mark. A simple, "There's no way in the world you'll ever fit in there!" is usually good preventive medicine if it's done early enough.

Jammin': If you round a leeward mark right ahead of someone, consider pinching up immediately to be sure that the other boat won't get clear air on your hip. Just make sure that you don't head up so much that you stop dead and let the boats behind roll through you to leeward. This can work at the jibe mark as well, especially if the second reach is tight. Have your spinnaker trimmer keep the new guy tight and luff the sheet while you head up hard to establish a windward position. (Luffing the spinnaker also makes it easier to get the pole on.)

At windward marks

The Tempting Port-Tack Approach. A port-tack approach to the windward mark is a foolish idea. Right? Well, not always. Assuming that you're rounding the mark to port, the odds are pretty good that most of the fleet will end up fighting for a spot on the starboard layline. Approaching the mark on port tack can be a great way to avoid lots of dirty air, disturbed water, and bad attitudes.

There's only one slight snag, and that has to do with who has the right of way. When boats are approaching a windward mark on opposite tacks, port tackers must stay clear of starboard tackers; the mark-room rule doesn't apply, and there's no guarantee that there will be a hole ready and waiting. So a boat on port is definitely taking a chance.

Some sailors don't feel this risk is worth it and choose to fight the starboard-tack battle. However, if you're a port-tack approacher at heart, or if you just happen to find yourself there once in a while, I have one suggestion: Instead of sailing into the mark right on the port layline, come in at least four boatlengths to leeward of it. This way you won’t have to tack inside the zone, and you’ll stay farther away from boats that are already on the reach.

"Closing the Door." If you're on port and trying to squeeze in ahead of a starboard tacker, watch out for a defensive move that I call "closing the door." As the two boats approach each other, it's common for the starboard-tack boat to bear off toward you (even to the point where she's headed below the mark) and ease her sheets slightly. Now, in order for you to tack underneath her, you'll have to do it sooner and farther away from the starboard layline than you really want. As soon as you begin to tack, the starboard-tack boat will head back up toward the mark. If she executes this move correctly, she'll just make the mark and you'll end up below the layline -- with a lot of regrets.

Remember that if you're the starboard-tacker trying to close the door, your alteration of course toward the port tacker must be done far enough away from her so that you give her room to keep clear.

The Value of an Inside Overlap. When two boats are approaching a windward mark on the same tack, then the mark-room rule applies between them just as it does at reaching and leeward marks. However, it's usually much less critical to get mark room at a windward mark.

Let's say you're approaching a mark on the starboard layline. You're going pretty fast, and just before you get to the zone, you gain an inside overlap on a boat ahead of you. You're excited because now you're entitled to room, but the big question is, do you really want room? If the next leg is a reach, you don't want to be stuck below another boat without the option to set your spinnaker in clear air or go high if necessary. If the next leg is a run, then being on the inside might be helpful, especially if you've decided that you want to jibe right away.

Two Boats on Port. If you're making a normal port-tack approach and there's a boat overlapped to windward of you, the rules say you must give her room to tack around the mark. If this other boat is clear astern on your weather quarter, then you don't have to give her room, but you must be careful when tacking for the mark. If you don't think you can tack in front of her without tacking too close, your best move may be to luff up toward the mark. This will force her to bear off across your stern, at which point you can begin your tack.

Spinnaker Pole Strategy. There are only a few times when you can be too prepared in a sailboat race, and getting your spinnaker pole up is one of those times -- at least on dinghies and smaller one-designs. When your crew moves to put up the pole you will most likely lose speed, pointing, and maneuverability, not to mention concentration. Unless you're sure you'll still fetch the mark without all these, wait.

There are other reasons why it may be better to save your pole for later. If you're going onto a reach, it's often a good idea to sail high without your spinnaker for a minute or two. This is a perfect time to put up the pole. If you're going onto a run, it's very easy to set the pole as the chute is going up. Again, this applies to small boats; on larger boats, deciding when to set up the pole depends on a number of other factors.

In order to avoid big losses, you sometimes have to be overly conservative. When you see half the fleet hitting the mark or jibing around below it, sail well past the layline. When you think you can make it, go a little farther. It's certainly better to sail a boatlength or two extra now than to hit the mark and lose 10 boatlengths.

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• learn-the-rules

Learn the rules

Each episode is available on the RYA's YouTube channel  as part of the Racing Rules playlist.

Series 1 - The rules of Part 2 'When Boats Meet'

Series 1 provides an introduction to the racing rules of sailing and covers the rules and scenarios you are most likely to come across on the race course.

Series 2 - The Disciplines

Series 2 focusses on the various disciplines and how the appendices of the Racing Rules of Sailing alter those rules which are covered in series 1.

Racing Rules Explainer

The RYA Dinghy Racing Channel on YouTube has a series of Racing Rules Explainers . These are short (less than five minutes) videos explaining how you can use the rules to your advantage on the race course.

Information on the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS), Equipment Rules of Sailing (ERS), Offshore Special Regulations (OSR) and RYA Anti-Doping Rules

Yachting World

• Digital Edition

5 expert tips for leeward mark roundings

• January 30, 2023

Olympic Gold medallist Dylan Fletcher talks through leeward mark rounding strategy and how to come out on top with Andy Rice

The leeward mark is one of the biggest pinch points on the race course, with the opportunity for huge gains – or the risk of enormous losses. Dylan Fletcher says the most important ingredient for a successful leeward mark rounding is to start planning well in advance of the moment. “Where are you aiming on the next leg? And where does that mean you need to be positioning yourself half way down the run in order to get the correct rounding to execute your longer-term race strategy?”

This is particularly important at a leeward gate when you have a choice of marks, although the same still applies for single leeward marks. Dylan shares his five best tips for making sure you achieve the entry and, more importantly, the clean exit out of the bottom of the race course.

Prepare the team

Make sure everyone knows the plan well in advance, and that everyone is clear about their job during the drop and the rounding. That includes a plan for if, and when, things go wrong – for example, if the kite falls in the water during the drop. Who’s going to leave their normal post to get up on the foredeck and help get it back on board?

Over time you should aim to build up a playbook, including the timings for how far in advance you should begin the jib hoist and the gennaker drop in, say, 5, 10 and 20 knots of breeze. The more you can turn the rounding into a procedure that runs like clockwork, the more boats you’ll pass.

Avoid the slow soak

One of the most critical factors is to make sure you’re coming into the leeward mark zone at a pretty hot angle with good boatspeed for as long as possible. One of the worst scenarios is finding yourself trying to soak down towards the leeward mark with no speed. It’s not so bad with a symmetrical spinnaker where you can square back the pole, although it’s still not ideal. In a bowsprit boat, soaking down from a high angle, going slow with the sails barely filling is tactical death. Don’t be that boat.

Avoid the slow soak coming into a mark situation, which can allow the rest of the fleet to get around the outside

Come in hot

The ideal approach is broad reaching in towards the mark on starboard, right on layline, or if it’s light winds even slightly below layline. This will enable you to build as much apparent wind as possible which will carry you through the bad air of the boats floating down from to windward of you. Now is your opportunity to make big gains. A drop-gybe on a small to medium-size keelboat is the best manoeuvre, where you’re coming in on starboard below the bulk of the fleet, dropping the kite on starboard side and gybing at the mark then rounding up tight and in the high lane as you exit the mark on to the new windward leg.

Use the current

Current can and will have an enormous effect on the way you approach the leeward mark. When you’re punching against a current that’s flowing upwind, be very cautious about dropping the kite too soon. In anything but strong wind, you can be dropping as you’re turning up around the mark. Don’t allow yourself to get caught in that situation where you’ve dropped early and you’re only just making ground against the current. This is the one time when it’s okay to drop a bit too late and tidy up the mess as you’re being carried upwind on the current conveyor belt.

On the other hand, if the current is carrying you downwind, err on the side of dropping the kite too soon and be absolutely ready to turn upwind as soon as the bow passes the mark. Even if there’s only the tiniest gap between the mark and the boat ahead or on the outside of you, go for the gap! When the current is taking you downwind, once you’re level with the mark, that gap will always open up for you. So don’t be shy, take it.

Executing your exit strategy should set you up well for the next leg. Photo: Sailing energy / World Sailing

Exit strategy

When you have a choice of gate marks to go around, don’t necessarily be tempted by a biased gate and simply go for the shortest distance every time. A biased gate should be just one minor factor in a number of considerations. The main thing is to give yourself the best chance of a clear lane out to the favoured side of the course.

So if you know it’s a ‘go left’ course on the upwind legs, most of the fleet will be turning right through the gate and sheeting in on starboard. Rather than fighting for clear air in that long line of boats, a good alternative can be to go around the left-hand mark and tack immediately, or as soon as possible, on to starboard after completing the rounding. Be prepared to put up with some short-term traffic and congestion if it ends up giving you a clean lane in the right direction for the next leg.

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Live Yachting

The Ultimate Guide To Yacht Racing Rules And Regulations

Yacht racing is a thrilling sport that combines skill, strategy, and a deep connection with the sea.

Understanding yacht racing enhances your appreciation. It’s especially rewarding for youth and beginner racers.

This essential guide covers basic racing rules, common penalties, and safety measures.

It also highlights some of the world’s top racing events, including the Summer Olympic Games.

Dive in! Explore the vibrant world of yacht racing, where competitors and coaches unite in thrilling competitions that keep you on the edge of your seat!

What Are The Different Types Of Yacht Racing?

• Match racing
• Fleet racing
• Team racing
• Offshore racing

Yacht racing encompasses various formats, each presenting unique challenges and strategies. Competitors, coaches, and racing officials must understand these characteristics to excel in competitive sailing.

Knowledge of racing rules and sailing instructions gives participants an edge in these formats.

1. Match Racing

Match racing is a one-on-one competition format where two competitors face each other. Understanding the racing rules governing their interactions is crucial.

In this high-stakes format, each sailor must display sailing skills, tactics, and strategy. Essential competencies include rapid decision-making, maneuverability, and sharp observation of their opponent’s actions.

Racing officials play an important role in enforcing the rules, ensuring a level playing field. Competitors gain an advantage by mastering intricate match racing rules, which can alter course dynamics.

Esteemed match racers, such as Paul Elvstrom and Sir Ben Ainslie, exemplify how strategic foresight and rule comprehension lead to significant victories. Match racing demands both mental sharpness and physical skill.

2. Fleet Racing

Fleet racing involves the simultaneous competition of multiple boats, necessitating precise sailing instructions and adherence to racing regulations.

Factors such as start lines influence race dynamics, where timing and positioning can determine leadership. Effective course management is essential, as teams must navigate variable winds and shifting currents while adhering to sailing instructions.

Modern fleet racing emphasizes environmental responsibility, with competitors focusing on minimizing ecological impact through biodegradable materials and reducing plastic waste.

3. Team Racing

Team racing is a collaborative format where teams of two or more boats compete, emphasizing strategy, sportsmanship, and coordination.

Effective communication among team members is critical for developing successful tactics and adapting to changing conditions. Teams articulate their intentions clearly, whether blocking an opposing boat or adjusting tactics.

Racing officials ensure fair play, overseeing races to guarantee adherence to established rules. Events like the College Sailing Championship and the World Match Racing Tour illustrate how these formats foster camaraderie among teams.

4. Offshore Racing

Offshore racing involves long distances and various weather conditions, presenting unique challenges. Competitors must understand sailing rules and safety strategies.

Preparation is crucial; participants must maintain their vessels and stock supplies for the race duration.

Strong navigation skills are essential. Competitors rely on technology like GPS and traditional methods like charts and sextants to navigate unpredictable waters.

Safety measures are paramount. Participants must:

• Wear life jackets
• Carry emergency beacons
• Follow established protocols

Prestigious events, such as the Sydney-Hobart Yacht Race and the Transpac Challenge, challenge sailors, testing their technical skills, mental fortitude, and resilience at sea.

What Are The Basic Yacht Racing Rules?

Understanding the fundamental rules of yacht racing is essential, as these regulations govern interactions on the water, ensuring fair competition and safety.

Key principles, including right of way, mark rounding (navigating around course marks), and starting and finishing procedures, must be thoroughly understood by all participants.

Resources like RacingRulesOfSailing.org and US Sailing offer downloadable rulebooks and sailing instructions for all levels of racing.

1. Right Of Way

The right of way determines which boat has priority in various scenarios. A boat on a starboard tack typically holds priority over one on a port tack.

Skilled sailors use this knowledge to position themselves advantageously, influencing race outcomes.

2. Mark Rounding

Mark rounding is crucial in yacht racing. Proper timing and positioning can secure a competitive advantage. Sailors anticipate wind shifts and opposing boats’ movements to approach the mark optimally.

3. Starting Procedure

The starting procedure establishes the race foundation, requiring competitors to observe specific racing rules for fairness and safety.

Sailors must pay close attention to countdown signals and maintain proper distance from the starting line.

4. Finishing Procedure

The finishing procedure requires competitors to cross the finish line and submit results according to racing regulations.

Timely and accurate actions during this moment can significantly impact standings and exemplify sportsmanship.

What Are The Common Penalties In Yacht Racing?

Penalties uphold fairness and integrity in yacht racing, including:

• Time penalties
• Disqualification

Understanding these penalties is crucial for success!

1. Time Penalties

Time penalties are imposed when competitors violate specific racing rules, impacting overall standings and potential victory.

2. Disqualification

Disqualification results from significant infractions. Common violations include false starts and improper flag responses.

3. Protests

Protests are formal challenges regarding alleged rule violations, initiated by submitting a detailed written protest to racing officials.

How Are Yacht Racing Regattas Organized?

Organizing yacht racing regattas requires careful planning and compliance with protocols, including issuing a Notice of Race and comprehensive sailing instructions.

The race committee ensures smooth and fair competition while serving as a reliable resource for participants.

1. Notice Of Race

The Notice of Race provides critical information about race format, eligibility, and regulations, serving as a comprehensive guide for competitors.

2. Sailing Instructions

Sailing instructions outline specific rules, course details, and procedures competitors must adhere to during the event.

3. Race Committee

The race committee oversees the integrity and fairness of regattas, making critical decisions regarding course setting and race schedules.

4. Scoring System

The scoring system shows placement and performance, creating a fair competitive environment. Common methods include the Low Point and High Point Scoring systems, both rewarding competitors for their achievements.

What Are The Safety Measures In Yacht Racing?

Safety measures are crucial in yacht racing, ensuring competitors are prepared for risks and emergencies on the water.

Essential safety equipment includes:

• Life jackets
• Emergency signals
• Visual displays
• Safety boats

This equipment safeguards all participants and promotes a culture of environmental responsibility and sportsmanship.

1. Life Jackets

Life jackets provide flotation and protection during emergencies, significantly enhancing survival prospects in unpredictable waters.

2. Emergency Signals and Visual Displays

Emergency signals ensure effective communication during distress. A series of signal flags or specific horn blasts can convey urgent messages.

3. Safety Boats and Competitors Coaches

Safety boats provide immediate assistance, ensuring that competitors can compete confidently, knowing help is available in emergencies.

What Are The Top Yacht Racing Events In The World?

• America’s Cup
• Volvo Ocean Race
• Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race
• Fastnet Race

The realm of yacht racing features events highlighting excellence in competitive sailing. Each event challenges participants and reinforces the importance of racing rules.

1. America’s Cup

The America’s Cup is one of the oldest and most prestigious yacht racing events, known for its intense competition and high-tech sailing tools.

2. Volvo Ocean Race

The Volvo Ocean Race is renowned for its demanding offshore legs, challenging competitors in extreme conditions while assessing their sailing expertise.

3. Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race

The Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race is renowned for its challenging course and unpredictable weather conditions, inspiring many sailors.

4. Fastnet Race

The Fastnet Race is one of the most challenging offshore racing events, requiring a winning mentality and teamwork among competitors.

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Table of Contents

Finish A boat Definition: Finish [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">finishes when any part of her hull crosses the finishing line from the course side after completing any penalties. However, when penalties are cancelled under rule Rule: C7.2 " data-url="/rules/1457?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">C7.2 (d) after one or both boats have Definition: Finish [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">finished each shall be recorded as Definition: Finish [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">finished when she crossed the line.  A boat has not Definition: Finish " data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">finished if she continues to Definition: Sail The Course " data-url="/definitions/87?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">sail the course .

Mark-Room Definition: Room [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/58?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">Room for a boat to sail her Definition: Proper Course [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/77?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">proper course to round or pass the mark, and Definition: Room " data-url="/definitions/58?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">room to pass a finishing Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark after Definition: Finish " data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">finishing .

A boat taking a penalty or manoeuvring to take a penalty is not sailing a Definition: Proper Course [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/77?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">proper course .’

7 LAST POINT OF CERTAINTY The umpires will assume that the state of a boat, or her relationship to another boat, has not changed, until they are certain that it has changed.

13 WHILE TACKING OR GYBING 13.1 After a boat passes head to wind, she shall Definition: Keep Clear " data-url="/definitions/85?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">keep clear of other boats until she is on a close-hauled course. 13.2 After the foot of the mainsail of a boat sailing downwind crosses the centreline she shall Definition: Keep Clear " data-url="/definitions/85?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">keep clear of other boats until her mainsail has filled or she is no longer sailing downwind. 13.3 While rule Rule: 13.1 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1235?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">13.1 or Rule: 13.2 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1224?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">13.2 applies, rules Rule: 10 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1221?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">10 , Rule: 11 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1228?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">11 and Rule: 12 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1230?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">12 do not. However, if two boats are subject to rule Rule: 13.1 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1235?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">13.1 or Rule: 13.2 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1224?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">13.2 at the same time, the one on the other’s port side or the one astern shall Definition: Keep Clear " data-url="/definitions/85?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">keep clear .

18 MARK-ROOM 18.1 When Rule 18 Applies Rule 18 applies between boats when they are required to leave a Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark on the same side and at least one of them is in the Definition: Zone " data-url="/definitions/72?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">zone . However, it does not apply between a boat approaching a Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark and one leaving it.  Rule 18 no longer applies between boats when the boat entitled to Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room is on the next leg and the Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark is astern of her. 18.2 Giving Mark-Room When the first boat reaches the Definition: Zone " data-url="/definitions/72?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">zone ,  if boats are Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped , the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room . if boats are not Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped , the boat that has not reached the Definition: Zone " data-url="/definitions/72?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">zone shall thereafter give Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room . If the boat entitled to Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room leaves the Definition: Zone " data-url="/definitions/72?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">zone , the entitlement to Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room ceases and rule 18.2(a) is applied again if required based on the relationship of the boats at the time rule 18.2(a) is re-applied. If a boat obtained an inside Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlap and, from the time the Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlap began, the outside boat is unable to give Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room , she is not required to give it. 18.3 Tacking or Gybing If Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room for a boat includes a change of Definition: Tack, Starboard Or Port " data-url="/definitions/71?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">tack , such tack  or gybe shall be done no faster than a tack or gybe to sail her Definition: Proper Course " data-url="/definitions/77?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">proper course . When an inside Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped right-of-way boat must change Definition: Tack, Starboard Or Port " data-url="/definitions/71?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">tack at a Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark to sail her Definition: Proper Course " data-url="/definitions/77?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">proper course , until she changes Definition: Tack, Starboard Or Port " data-url="/definitions/71?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">tack she shall sail no farther from the Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark than needed to sail that course. Rule 18.3(b) does not apply at a gate Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark or a finishing Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark and a boat shall be exonerated for breaking this rule if the course of another boat was not affected before the boat changed Definition: Tack, Starboard Or Port " data-url="/definitions/71?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">tack .

(a)  The following arm signals by the helmsman are required in addition to the hails:      (1) for Definition: Room " data-url="/definitions/58?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">room to tack, repeatedly and clearly pointing to windward; and      (2) for ‘You tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing at the other boat and waving the arm to windward.

   23,1  If reasonably possible, a boat not Definition: Racing " data-url="/definitions/81?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">racing shall not interfere with a boat that is Definition: Racing " data-url="/definitions/81?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">racing or an umpire boat.

23.3  When boats in different matches meet, any change of course by either boat shall be consistent with complying with a Definition: Rule " data-url="/definitions/69?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">rule or trying to win her own match.

31 TOUCHING A MARK While Definition: Racing " data-url="/definitions/81?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">racing , neither the crew nor any part of a boat’s hull shall touch a starting Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark before Definition: Start " data-url="/definitions/66?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">starting , a Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark that begins, bounds or ends the leg of the course on which she is sailing, or a finishing Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark after Definition: Finish " data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">finishing . In addition, while Definition: Racing " data-url="/definitions/81?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">racing , a boat shall not touch a race committee vessel that is also a Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark .

(e) help to recover from the water and return on board a crew member, provided the return on board is at the approximate location of the recovery.

(d) sculling: repeated movement of the helm to propel the boat forward;

When at a boat’s starting signal any part of her hull is on the course side of the starting line or one of its extensions, the race committee shall promptly display a blue or yellow flag identifying the boat with one sound. The flag shall be displayed until the hull of the boat is completely on the pre-start side of the starting line or one of its extensions or until two minutes after her starting signal, whichever is earlier.

When after a boat's starting signal any part of her jull crosses from the pre-start side to the course side of the starting line across an extension without having Definition: Start " data-url="/definitions/66?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">started correctly, the race committee shall promptly display a blue or yellow flag identifying the boat. The flag shall be displayed until the hull of the boat is completely on the pre-start side of the starting line or one of its extensions or until two minutes after her starting signal, whichever is earlier.

• In the race signal AP the last sentence is changed to: ‘The attention signal will be made 1 minute after removal unless at that time the race is Definition: Postpone " data-url="/definitions/60?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">postponed again or Definition: Abandon " data-url="/definitions/62?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">abandoned .’

• under a rule of Part 2, except rule Rule: 14 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1320?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">14 , by clearly displaying flag Y immediately after an incident in which she was involved;
• under any rule not listed in rule C6.1(a) or Rule: C6.2 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1470?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C6.2 by clearly displaying a red flag as soon as possible after the incident.
• rule Rule: 14 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1320?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">14 , unless damage or injury results;
• a rule of Part 2, unless she was involved in the incident;
• rule Rule: 31 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1566?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">31 or Rule: 42 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1365?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">42 ; or
• rule Rule: C4 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1431?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C4 or Rule: C7 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1422?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C7 .

• A boat protesting under rule Rule: C6.1 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1469?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C6.1 (b) or requesting redress under rule Rule: C6.3 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1437?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C6.3 shall, for her Definition: Protest [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/64?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">protest or request to be valid, keep her red flag displayed until she has so informed the umpires after Definition: Finish [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">finishing or retiring. No written Definition: Protest [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/64?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">protest or request for redress is required.
• if the umpires decide to penalize a boat, and as a result that boat will have more than two outstanding penalties, the umpires shall signal her disqualification under rule Rule: C5.4 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1409?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C5.4 ;
• The red-flag penalty in rule Rule: C5.3 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1467?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C5.3 shall be used when a boat has gained a controlling position as a result of breaking a Definition: Rule [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/69?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">rule , but the umpires are not certain that the conditions for an additional umpire-initiated penalty have been fulfilled.
• The protest committee may take evidence in any way it considers appropriate and may communicate its decision orally.
• impose a penalty of one point or part of one point;
• order a resail; or
• make another arrangement it decides is equitable, which may be to impose no penalty.
• The penalty for breaking rule 14 when damage or injury results will be at the discretion of the protest committee, and may include exclusion from further races in the event.

N1.10   In rule Rule: N1 " data-url="/rules/1292?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">N1 , one International Umpire may be appointed to the jury, or a panel of it, in place of one International Judge.

• When on a leg of the course to a windward Definition: Mark [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">mark , she shall gybe and, as soon as reasonably possible, luff to a close hauled course.
• When on a leg of the course to a leeward Definition: Mark [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">mark or the finishing line, she shall tack and, as soon as reasonably possible, bear away to a course that is more than ninety degrees from the true wind.
• Add to rule Rule: 2 " data-url="/rules/1150?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">2 : ‘When Definition: Racing [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/81?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">racing , a boat need not take a penalty unless signalled to do so by an umpire.’
• A boat completes a leg of the course when any part of her hull crosses the extension of the line from the previous Definition: Mark [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">mark through the Definition: Mark [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">mark she is rounding, or on the last leg when she Definition: Finish [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">finishes .
• A penalized boat shall not be recorded as having finished until she takes her penalty and her hull is completely on the course side of the line and she then Definition: Finish [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">finishes , unless the penalty is cancelled before or after she crosses the finishing line.
• If a boat has one or two outstanding penalties and the other boat in her match is penalized, one penalty for each boat shall be cancelled except that a red-flag penalty shall not cancel or be cancelled by another penalty.
• If one boat has Definition: Finish [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">finished  and is no longer racing, and the other boat has an outstanding penalty, the umpires may cancel the outstanding penalty..
• A boat taking a penalty that includes a tack shall have the spinnaker head below the main-boom gooseneck from the time she passes head to wind until she is on a close-hauled course.
• No part of a penalty may be taken inside the Definition: Zone [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/72?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">zone of a rounding Definition: Mark [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">mark that begins, bounds or ends the leg the boat is on.
• If a boat has one outstanding penalty, she may take the penalty any time after Definition: Start [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/66?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">starting and before Definition: Finish [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">finishing . If a boat has two outstanding penalties, she shall take one of them as soon as reasonably possible, but not before Definition: Start [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/66?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">starting .
• When the umpires display a red flag with or soon after a penalty flag, the penalized boat shall take a penalty as soon as reasonably possible, but not before Definition: Start [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/66?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">starting .
• When a boat with an outstanding penalty is on a leg to a windward Definition: Mark [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">mark and gybes, or is on a leg to a leeward Definition: Mark [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">mark  or the finishing line and passes head to wind, she is taking a penalty.
• When a boat taking a penalty either does not take the penalty correctly or does not complete the penalty as soon as reasonably possible, she is no longer taking a penalty. The umpires shall signal this as required by rule Rule: C5.6 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1433?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C5.6 .
• The umpire boat for each match shall display blue or yellow flags or shapes, each flag or shape indicating one outstanding penalty. When a boat has taken a penalty, or a penalty has been cancelled, one flag or shape shall be removed, with the appropriate sound signal. Failure of the umpires to signal correctly shall not change the number of penalties outstanding.
• gained an advantage by breaking a Definition: Rule [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/69?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">rule   after allowing for a penalty,
• deliberately broken a Definition: Rule [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/69?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">rule  , or
• committed a breach of sportsmanship, she shall be penalized under rule Rule: C5.2 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1466?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C5.2 , Rule: C5.3 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1467?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C5.3 or Rule: C5.4 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1409?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C5.4 .
• competitors shall be placed in order of their total scores, highest score first;
• a competitor who has won a match but is disqualified for breaking a Definition: Rule [Match Racing]" data-url="/definitions/69?xformat=match" href="javascript:void(0)">rule against a competitor in another match shall lose the point for that match (but the losing competitor shall not be awarded the point); and
• the overall position between competitors who have sailed in different groups shall be decided by the highest score.
• placed in order, has the highest score in the matches between the tied competitors;
• when the tie is between two competitors in a multiple round robin, has won the last match between the two competitors;
• the higher-place tie shall be resolved before the lowerplace tie, and
• all the competitors in the lower-place tie shall be treated as a single competitor for the purposes of rule C11.1(c);
• after applying rule Rule: C10.5 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1449?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C10.5 (c), has the highest place in the different groups, irrespective of the number of competitors in each group;
• has the highest place in the most recent stage of the event (fleet race, round robin, etc.).
• has the highest place in the most recent round-robin series, applying rule Rule: C11.1 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1451?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C11.1 if necessary;
• has won the most recent match in the event between the tied competitors.
• if the tie needs to be resolved for a later stage of the event (or another event for which the event is a direct qualifier), the tie shall be broken by a sail-off when practicable. When the race committee decides that a sail-off is not practicable, the tie shall be decided in favour of the competitor who has the highest score in the round-robin series after eliminating the score for the first race for each tied competitor or, should this fail to break the tie, the second race for each tied competitor and so on until the tie is broken. When a tie is partially resolved, the remaining tie shall be broken by reapplying rule Rule: C11.1 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1451?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C11.1  or Rule: C11.2 [Match Racing]" data-url="/rules/1459?xformat=match" href="javascript:;">C11.2 .
• to decide the winner of an event that is not a direct qualifier for another event, or the overall position between competitors eliminated in one round of a knockout series, a sail-off may be used (but not a draw).
• when a tie is not broken any monetary prizes or ranking points for tied places shall be added together and divided equally among the tied competitors.

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Mark Roundings

Making clean mark roundings during a sailboat race can spell the difference between maintaining a lead and losing a pack of boats. Many of us are focused on gaining an advantage in a race to stay ahead or to catch boats. Having a bad mark rounding can really cost you, gain or add to your lead.

In this short video, Champion sailor Peter Vaiciurgis, from NS14.org, shares his thoughts on Mark Roundings.

• Keep up your speed
• Position, position, position

Before the start, wide movements of the rudder can be effective.

After the start, Peter tries not to move his tiller more than 4 inches .

As the boat moves faster, smaller movements of the rudder can make a big difference. Consider riding a bike. If you’re going slower, you can turn faster with bigger movements of the handle bars. However, if you’re flying down a hill, then bigger movements of the handle bars can spell disaster.

Steering the boat

• Sails – Primary
• Hull – Secondary
• Rudder – Last, too often the rudder can turn into a brake, if used aggressively.

Making the Turn

Leeward marks.

Tight – Tight:  NO. Slow. Lets other boats round with more speed and pass you.

Tight – Wide:  NO. Lose height on course and leave room for other boats to round above you.

Wide – Tight:  YES. Gentle turn. Maintain maximum speed. Full speed and sheets tight when the buoy is in line with the skipper’s back.

Windward Mark

Tight – Wide: Entering tight means that you’ve sailed less distance.

Reaching Mark

Depends on your position regarding other boats.

Nobody close: Wide – Wide.

Boats behind and want to go high after mark: Wide – Tight and high.

Boats behind and want to go low after mark: Tight – Wide.

Anticipate where you want to be at the mark before you get close to it. Focus on how you will exit the mark – speed and position relative to other boats. In one-design boats, typically sailors anticipate positioning way early in the leg.

Related Content:

Leeward Mark Roundings with Examples Hand Over Hand Sheeting NS14 Training Videos Peter Vaiciurgis on how to improve as a weekend sailor.

Sailors Helping Sailors

Will you share your knowledge with your related Comments below?

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Mark Roundings Board

Leeward Mark Roundings – Principles and C-Scow Examples

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Racing Rules Explainer Episode 2: Windward Mark Rounding

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