names of yacht sails

Type Of Sails: A Complete Guide

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Last Updated on September 29, 2023 by Boatsetter Team

If you are approaching sailing and sailboats from a very beginner’s perspective , then the concept of different kinds of sails can be a strange one. We often believe we see one kind of sailboat with one kind of sail, and our simple minds lead us to believe you are only meant to move them around, and you will get to where you need to go.

However, you would not have landed on this article if you did not suspect that there was more to sails and sailboats. So here, you can have a kind of in-depth, kind of summarized review of the different kinds of sails and the most popular sail and mast configurations out there.

It is also important to understand why there are so many different kinds of sails. When you are out on the water, different weather conditions can occur. Your sail acts as a motor of some sort, moving your sailboat forwards, but your sail is also highly dependent on the wind conditions around it. This is why having different kinds of sails can help you navigate your weather conditions and turn them to your own advantage while sailing.

Different sails also come with different danger levels in case of strong wind, so knowing what kinds you might need to watch out for is also extremely important. So, without further ado, let us get into it.

You may have heard of this one before or seen it portrayed in movies and TV shows. As the name suggests, the mainsail is the most popular kind of sail on any sailboat, and they are found behind the mast. They are also attached to the boom. Because they take up so much space on your sailboat, they are also one of the most important sails to take care of and keep an eye on.

Since the mainsail is such a large sail, it does not require too strong a wind to propel it forward , as its large surface area will easily catch a breeze. At the same time, the fact that it can be moved around by moving the boom makes it, so it is easy to steer. This makes it so that the mainsail is the most important sail on your sailboat.

Headsail/Jib

The headsail, or the jib, is likely the second most popular kind of sail found on sailboats. This is because it often accompanies the mainsail, the most popular kind. On all sailboats , the headsail is put at the front of the mast over the sailboat’s bow . It is always a smaller sail than the mainsail.

The fact that the headsail is smaller can be especially useful if you are caught in strong winds. In this situation, you likely do not want to use your mainsail (or trim it as much as possible) to move slower and not be thrown around by the winds. Smaller sails catch less wind, meaning they do not propel your boat as strongly as larger sails.

Having a good headsail can be an incredible safety measure, especially if the seas you are trying to sail are known to be wild and unpredictable.

You may have seen a genoa sail before if you have been around boats or have ever lived in a coastal town. This kind of sail is a large sail that you can attach to the front of the forestay (similarly to the headsail). This is a larger sail than the headsail and can even cover the mainsail either partially or completely. For this reason, the genoa also used to be called an “overlapping jib.”

You should use a genoa if you are sailing through either light or medium winds and if your sailboat is at a dead run point of sail (this means that the wind is coming directly from the rear. If you attempt to use a genoa sail in stronger winds , you might start going too fast and put yourself and your boat at risk since it is such a large sail. So, it is  important to be careful .

The spinnaker is the most whimsical kind of sail since it is a large and colorful kind. They are also often symmetrical, which means they are more appropriate for reaching different points of sail, such as the running point of sail. They are lighter sails, and they do not cover the mast as the genoa sail does. You do not attach a spinnaker to the forestay and instead let it stretch out past the boat’s bow.

The large surface area of the spinnaker means that you have to be even more careful than with others on the kind of conditions you choose to use this sail in. If the winds are too strong, you could be putting yourself and your passengers at serious risk using this sail, so you should choose to use it only at times when the wind is low or in seas that are known for their low winds and tranquility.

As the name suggests, the gennaker sail mixes the genoa sail and the spinnaker sail. These kinds of sails are more recent inventions. They are as large as the spinnaker sail, but they are not symmetrical. Unlike the genoa or the headsail, they are also not meant to be attached to the forestay, like the spinnaker sail.

The usefulness of this sail is that if the winds change from a pure dead run to a reaching point of sail, then sailors do not have to resort to using a spinnaker from a genoa, instead of being able to  take advantage of different winds  while still using the same sail as they were before. This kind of sail is still only meant for lighter and milder winds , but there is more flexibility with the gennaker than the genoa and the spinnaker sails.

Popular Sail and Mast Configurations

There are many different ways to place the sails we have learned about in the above section. We have compiled a list of some of the most popular ones so you can understand how these sails can be used to make a sailboat move through the oceans.

A sloop is by far the most popular configuration. It features a single mast, double sail (the mainsail and the headsail), and mast configuration. The headsail is located from the forestay on the mast to the top of it. The type of headsail used can also vary from a genoa, a spinnaker, or a gennaker sail.

Fractional Rig Sloop

A fractional rig sloop also features a single mast with a double sail setup similar to a sloop. However, what makes the fractional rig sloop different is that the forestay does not reach the top of the mast. This means the headsail is constricted to a smaller amount of surface than on a regular sloop, making it so that your sailboat  captures less wind and moves slower .

Cutters are interesting because they’re like a sloop but with a second forestay. This can be useful because it allows them to carry two headsails (a mainsail and one of the jibs). Cutters are good for cruising because they offer a range of wind options, giving you more time to get from place to place.

This is a less common mast configuration than previous others on this list. This is because a ketch features two masts. There is a larger mast fit for the mainsail and the headsail and a smaller mast between the mainmast and the stern (the rear) of the boat. This kind of mast configuration is more commonly found among Northern European freighters or fishing boats. This mast configuration is also called the mizzen mast.

A schooner mast configuration features two or more masts. This is similar to the previous configuration, the ketch. It also features multiple sails. While a ketch’s aft mast (also known as the rear mast) is higher than the forward mast, a schooner’s aft mast is shorter than the forward mast. A schooner can also have up to six masts (although two are the most common). These are the main differences between the two.

This one is quite similar to a ketch mast configuration (mentioned above). The only real difference between them is that the mizzen mast is put directly behind the sailboat’s rudder post in a yawl.

A cat sail will have one mast and one sail. The mast is put at the bow of the sailboat. This kind of mast configuration is often found on smaller boats, more specifically on dingy boats. Boats with the cat mast configuration are also often called catboats.

Final Verdict

Having the appropriate kind of sail on your sailboat is incredibly important. At the same time, being aware of the kinds of sails that there are and the kind of sail and mast configuration can make you into a more well-rounded and informed sailor. With that in mind, we hope that you leave this article feeling more confident in your skills when you are out at sea.

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Sail Types: A Comprehensive Guide to 8 Types of Sails

Sailboats come in all shapes and sizes. And that means there are many types of sails on the market! For those who might not know, sails are made of canvas and use wind power to propel sailboats through the water.

Understandably, different sails are required for different types of sailboats . And sailboats are categorized by the number of hulls they have. Monohulls have a single-hull design, catamarans have two hulls, and trimarans have three. Generally, sailors use catamarans for upwind sailing (but they can be used to sail downwind in certain conditions). 

The type of sail you'll need for your sailboat depends on the kind of sailboat you have. Additionally, sails are highly dependent on the wind and weather conditions. Therefore, it's always a good idea to have different types of sails on board to navigate the ever-changing weather conditions. 

8 Types of Sails for Sailboats

As mentioned, you should carry multiple sails when sailing to prepare for various weather conditions. Here's a brief overview of the types of sails for sailboats: 

1. Mainsails

The mainsail is the largest and most important sail. Therefore, it's probably the first sail to come to mind when you think of camping. Typically, it's situated directly behind the mast — connected to the boom — and uses wind energy to move the vessel. The mainsail plays a significant role in tacking and gybing, making it essential for any voyage. 

Since the mainsail is a larger sail, it doesn't require wind to propel it forward. And the fact that it can be moved by moving the boom makes it uber-easy to operate. 

Learn More About Sailing

2. Headsail

The headsail often accompanies the mainsail, though it is smaller in size. Regardless of your sailboat type, the headsail is positioned at the front of the mast – over the sailboat's bow. 

Because headsails are small, they are helpful when navigating through windy conditions. Smaller sails catch less wind, preventing them from propelling your boat as strongly as larger sails. Additionally, headsails help lift, balance, and protect the vessel from inclement weather conditions.

While the term 'headsail' refers to any sail in front of the mast, the jib is the most common type of headsail. (And when a jib is so large that it overlaps the mast, it's called a genoa.)

Learn More About Sailboats

3. Genoa 

The genoa is a large sail that attaches to the front of the forestay. (In this instance, it's similar to a headsail.) However, the genoa is larger than the headsail and overlaps the mainsail partially or completely to help the boat go faster. 

Genoa sails are useful when sailing through light or medium wind. You can also use it when the wind comes directly from the rear. If you use a Genoa sail during high winds, you'll probably start sailing too quickly and put yourself and your boat at risk. 

4. Spinnaker

The spinnaker is a large and whimsical (often colorful) sail. Spinnaker sails are usually symmetrical, allowing them to reach different points of sail. Generally, these are lighter sails and don't cover the mast like the genoa. 

Because spinnaker sails are on the larger side, you have to be incredibly careful with them. Don't use them in rough conditions. Instead, save them for sailing in low winds and calm seas.

5. Gennaker

As the name suggests, the Gennaker sail combines a spinnaker and a Genoa sail. They are as large as the spinnaker, although they're not symmetrical.

They come in handy whenever the wind changes from a pure dead run to a reaching point of sail, as sailors can navigate various wind types with the same sail. It's still only meant for lighter and milder winds, but it's more versatile than the spinnaker and genoa. 

6. Light Air Sails

Light air sails are useful in calmer conditions when the headsail and mainsail alone aren't cutting it. They include:

• Code Zero : A code zero sail is a gennaker sail ideal for sailing in light to mild winds. It's designed to create lift and boost boat speed whenever regular sails don't generate enough power. For that reason, many racers and cruisers use code zero sails to improve performance and gain control in various situations.   
• Windseeker : This small, special sail is reserved for no wind or light wind. Essentially, it helps boats remain maneuverable in extremely calm conditions. And for that reason, it's valuable to long-distance sailors. 

7. Storm Jib

Storm jibs can be used as a headsail whenever the weather is particularly rough and windy. Because it functions as a safety seal, it prevents boats from capsizing by reducing the sail area exposed to the wind. Therefore, it's a necessary sail for every sailor. 

Read Next: Boating in Inclement Weather

During strong winds and storms, sailors can raise a trysail — a small, triangular sail near the boat's stern — for better control and stability. Generally, sailors do this whenever the mainsail becomes too large and challenging to maneuver.  

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Types of Sails: A Comprehensive Guide

In the enchanting world of sailboat dynamics, where the dance between wind and water takes center stage, the significance of sails cannot be overstated. Like the wings of a bird, these meticulously crafted sails unfurl to catch the slightest whisper of breeze, converting it into a powerful forward thrust that carries us through the vast expanse of the ocean. They are the very essence of a sailboat, the conduits through which dreams and aspirations set sail.

Join us on a captivating voyage as we unfurl the secrets of the myriad types of sails adorning the mastheads of sailboats across the globe. From the grandeur of the mainsail, proudly dominating the skyline, to the nimble headsails that steer with precision, and the enigmatic mizzensails that add an extra touch of finesse, we shall embark on a comprehensive exploration of the diverse array of sail types.

Different Types of Sails on a Sailboat: Why Use Different Sails at All?

Different sail types for different wind conditions.

Triangular sails, such as the mainsail and jib, are commonly used on modern sailboats to optimize performance when sailing upwind. The shape of these sails helps to create lift, which propels the boat forward even against the wind’s direction. The mainsail is attached to the mast at the front edge and a boom at the bottom. Jibs, on the other hand, are headsails that are attached to a stay near the bow of the boat.

Balloon sails, like spinnaker sails, are designed for downwind sailing and catching more wind to increase boat speed when sailing with the wind behind it. These types of sails have a large surface area that allows them to catch more wind than triangular sails. Spinnaker sails can come in different shapes depending on their intended use and can be flown from a spinnaker pole or directly from the bow.

Sail Plans: Different Combinations for Different Boats

Sail plans refer to how different types of sails are arranged and combined on a sailing craft. Sail plans can vary depending on specific design features and intended use of boats. For example, some boats may have multiple masts with several triangular-shaped sails attached while others may only have one mast with one triangular sail (mainsail) and one square sail (spinnaker). The combination of different types of sails can also affect how easy it is to handle a boat under certain conditions.

Understanding Sail Anatomy

Head, tack, foot, luff, leech, and clew. These are the different parts that make up a sail’s anatomy. But what exactly are they and why are they important? In this section, we’ll take a closer look at each part and how it contributes to the performance of a sailboat.

The Head: The Top of the Sail

Starting from the top, we have the head of the sail. This is where the halyard (the rope or wire used to hoist the sail) is attached. The head determines how high or low the sail sits on its mast. A higher head means more power but less control over the sail’s shape. Conversely, a lower head provides better control but less power.

The Tack: The Lower Front Corner of the Sail

Next is the tack which is found at the lower front corner of most sails. It’s where one end of a line called a “sheet” attaches to control how much wind enters through this corner of your sail. Adjusting your sheet will affect your boat’s speed and direction.

The Foot: The Bottom of the Sail

At the bottom edge of any sail lies its foot which helps determine its overall shape and size. Generally speaking, longer feet result in larger sails that provide more power while shorter feet result in smaller sails with better maneuverability.

The Luff: The Forward Edge of the Sail

The forward edge of any sail is called its luff which runs along its mast track or forestay depending on what type of rigging you have set up on your boat. It helps maintain proper airflow over your sails by keeping them from flapping around too much in high winds.

The Leech: The Back Edge of Your Sail

Opposite from your luff is your leech – or back edge – which helps create lift by allowing air to flow smoothly over your sail. A longer leech will result in a more powerful sail, while a shorter one will provide better control and maneuverability.

The Clew: The Bottom Back Corner of Your Sail

Lastly, we have the clew which is found at the bottom back corner of most sails. It’s where the other end of your sheet attaches to control how much wind enters through this corner of your sail. Adjusting your sheet here can affect how well you’re able to steer your boat.

Primary Sail Types

The main sail is attached to the main mast and boom and can be adjusted to match the wind conditions. Its main purpose is to keep the boat steady and under control by providing stability to the stern (back) of the vessel.

There are several variations of mainsails that sailors can choose from depending on their needs. One popular type of mainsail is an in-mast furling mainsail. This type of sail can be easily furled and unfurled by pulling a line, making it ideal for short-handed sailing or cruising. Another variation is a slab reefing mainsail, which has horizontal strips called battens that help maintain its shape. Finally, there is also a boom furling mainsail, which uses a roller system inside the boom to make it easier to handle.

A headsail is any sail located forward of the mast on a sailing vessel. These sails are designed to work in conjunction with the main sail to provide optimal performance under varying wind conditions. There are several types of headsails available, each with its own unique characteristics and purposes.

One popular type of headsail is known as a genoa. This large foresail extends beyond the mast and overlaps with the main sail, providing additional power when sailing upwind or reaching across wind angles. Genoas come in various sizes ranging from 110% up to 150%, depending on how much overlap you want.

Another common type of headsail is called a jib. This smaller foresail does not overlap with the main sail but instead works in conjunction with it. The jib is typically used in higher wind conditions when a smaller sail area is needed to maintain control of the boat.

A staysail is a smaller sail located between the mast and the forestay. This type of headsail is typically used on larger boats to provide additional power when sailing upwind or reaching across wind angles. Staysails are often used in conjunction with other sails, such as a genoa or main sail.

Finally, there is also a mizzensail, which is located aft of the main mast on ketches and yawls. This sail provides additional power when sailing downwind or reaching across wind angles. Mizzensails come in various sizes and can be either fully battened or free-flying.

Lightwind Sails

Spinnaker sails are a type of downwind sail that can be used to increase boat speed when sailing in light winds. They are typically used in wind conditions below 10 knots, which are considered light air sails. Spinnakers come in two types: symmetrical and asymmetrical.

Symmetrical vs Asymmetrical Spinnaker

The symmetrical spinnaker is designed to sail directly downwind or with the wind coming from behind the boat. It is shaped like a balloon, with equal amounts of material on both sides of the sail. The sail is attached to a spinnaker pole, which extends out from the mast and holds the sail away from the boat.

Asymmetrical spinnakers, on the other hand, are designed for sailing at angles off the wind. They have an uneven shape, with more material on one side than the other. This design allows them to be flown without a spinnaker pole, making them easier to handle for smaller crews.

Another type of downwind sail is called a gennaker. Gennakers are similar to asymmetrical spinnakers but have a hybrid characteristic between a spinnaker and a genua. They are designed for reaching or running downwind at higher speeds than traditional cruising chutes or asymmetric spinnakers.

For those who prefer an even more user-friendly option than asymmetrical spinnakers or gennakers, parasailors might be what you’re looking for! A parasailor combines aspects of both a traditional spinnaker and a parachute into one easy-to-use package. The unique design of this sail makes it ideal for use in light winds when other sails may not perform well enough.

Finally, there’s another type of upwind/downwind sail called the code zero. Code zeros are designed to be used in light winds when sailing upwind, but they can also be used for reaching and running downwind. These sails have a flat shape that allows them to generate lift even in very light wind conditions.

Heavy Weather Sails

Heavy weather sailing is a challenging and potentially dangerous activity. The use of heavy weather sails, such as trysails, is crucial to ensure the safety of sailors and their vessels.

A trysail is a small triangular sail made of heavy-duty material, typically spinnaker cloth or other lightweight fabric. It is designed to be used in stormy weather conditions when winds are high and the seas are rough.

The role of a trysail is to provide an alternative source of propulsion when the main sail or jib cannot be used. In addition, it helps reduce the heeling effect on the vessel caused by strong winds. Trysails are rigged using a separate halyard and can be set up quickly when needed.

A trysail should be used in severe weather conditions when winds exceed 40 knots or more. It is recommended that sailors practice setting up their trysail before they need it so that they can do it quickly and efficiently in an emergency situation.

Another type of heavy weather sail that every sailor should have on board is a storm jib. This sail is typically much smaller than a regular jib and made from heavier materials such as Dacron or nylon. Its purpose is to provide additional stability during high wind speeds and rough seas.

The features of a storm jib include its size, shape, and weight distribution. It has a large luff (the leading edge) which allows it to be hoisted higher up on the rigging than other sails. This helps keep the boat stable during high-speed sailing in strong winds.

A storm jib should be used in extreme weather conditions where wind speeds exceed 50 knots or more. When using this sail, it is important to ensure that the halyard is properly tensioned and that the sail is sheeted in tightly. This will help prevent any unnecessary movement or fluttering of the sail.

Overview Common Sail Types

100% of mainsail

Light – High

100% of foretriangle

Moderate – High

triangular, overlapping

110% – 150% of foretriangle

Light – Moderate

60% – 80% of foretriangle

Close Reach – Broad Reach

Lightwind, Downwind

balloon shape, free flying

200% of mainsail (or even more)

Broad Reach, Running

parachute shape

100% of spinnaker

80% – 85% of spinnaker

Lightwind, Upwind

75% of spinnaker

30% – 60% of mainsail

Mainsail, heavy weather

17.5% of mainsail (or less)

Headsail, heavy weather

max. 65% of the hight of the foretriangle

Unconventional Sails

Wing sails are a type of sail design that is not commonly used in traditional sailboat designs. They are essentially vertical airfoils that generate lift and propulsion by directing the wind over the surface of the sail. Wing sails have become increasingly popular in modern sailing craft, particularly in high-performance racing boats.

One of the main advantages of wing sails is their ability to produce a significant amount of power with very little heeling force. This means that they can be used effectively in high-wind conditions without causing the boat to tip over. Additionally, wing sails are highly efficient at sailing upwind, which allows sailors to point higher into the wind than with other types of sails.

While wing sails may seem like a relatively new concept, they have actually been around for quite some time. The first recorded use of a wing sail was by German engineer Wolfgang Zimmermann in 1959. Since then, many different variations on the design have been developed and tested.

Kite sails are another unconventional type of sail that has gained popularity in recent years. Unlike traditional downwind sails such as spinnaker or parasailors, kite sails are flown from a line attached to the bow of the boat and do not require a mast or boom.

Sail Materials and Technology

Traditional sail materials.

Sails have been used for thousands of years to harness the power of the wind and propel boats across water. Traditional sail materials were flax, hemp, or cotton. These natural fibers were woven together to create a strong, yet flexible material that could withstand the harsh conditions at sea. However, as technology advanced and sailors began to demand more from their sails, new materials were developed.

Modern Sail Materials

Modern sailboats use synthetic materials such as polyester, nylon, or laminated fabrics for their sails. These materials are lightweight and incredibly strong, allowing sailors to achieve greater speeds with less effort. They are also more durable than traditional sail materials and can withstand prolonged exposure to sunlight and saltwater.

Popular Sail and Mast Configurations

The sloop rig is one of the most popular sail plans for modern sailboats. It features a single mast and one headsail, like a jib or genoa. The mainsail is typically triangular in shape and hoisted up the main mast using a backstay to support it. The jib or genoa is attached to the forestay that runs from the top of the mast to the bow of the boat.

Another popular sail plan is the cutter rig, which also features a single mast but has two headsails – an overlapping jib and a smaller staysail. The mainsail is still triangular in shape and hoisted up the main mast with a backstay for support.

Moving onto two-masted rigs, we have ketch rig, which features a main mast and a shorter mizzen mast located in front of the rudder. The mainsail is still triangular in shape and hoisted up the main mast with a backstay for support, while the mizzen sail is generally smaller and triangular or quadrilateral in shape.

Lastly, we have the yawl rig which is similar to the ketch rig but has its shorter mizzenmast located aft of the rudder. The mainsail is still triangular in shape and hoisted up the main mast with a backstay for support, while the mizzen sail is generally smaller and triangular or quadrilateral in shape.

Conclusion: Understanding the Different Types of Sails

Understanding the Different Types of Sails is crucial for any sailor who wants to optimize their performance and safety on the water. Whether you’re racing, cruising or simply enjoying a day out on your sailboat, having the right sails for the conditions can make all the difference.

Ultimately, understanding the different types of sails is essential for any sailor looking to improve their skills on the water. By selecting the right sail for your boat and conditions, you can optimize your performance while staying safe and comfortable during your time at sea.

So whether you’re a seasoned sailor or just starting out, take some time to explore the various types of sails available and find the ones that work best for you. With a little knowledge and experience under your belt, you’ll be well on your way to mastering this exciting sport!

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Sail Rigs And Types - The Only Guide You Need

Last Updated by

Daniel Wade

June 15, 2022

A well-designed sailboat is a thing of pure beauty. Whether you're a proud owner of one, a guest on one, or a shore-side admirer, you'll fall in love with the gliding sails, the excitement of a race, and the eco-friendly nature of these sophisticated yet magnificent vessels. With good sails, great design, and regular maintenance, sails and rigs are an important part of a sailboat.

If you’re thinking about going sailing, one of the first things you have to understand is the variety of modern sail plans. Unlike old sailboats, modern sailboats don't need huge, overlapping headsails and multiple masts just to get moving. In the past, when sailboats were heavy, keels were long, the only way to get the boat moving was with a massive relative sail area. You needed as much square footage as you could just to get your sailboat moving. But with the invention of fiberglass hulls, aluminum or composite masts, high-tensile but low diameter lines and stats, and more efficient sails, sailboats no longer need to plan for such large sail plans.. Still, there are various rig styles, from the common sloop, to the comfortable cat-rig, to the dual masted ketch and schooner, there are various sail types and rigs to choose from. The most important thing is to know the different types of sails and rigs and how they can make your sailing even more enjoyable.

There are different types of sails and rigs. Most sailboats have one mainsail and one headsail. The mainsail is generally fore-and-aft rigged and is triangular shaped. Various conditions and courses require adjustments to the sails on the boats, and, other than the mainsail, most boats can switch out their secondary sail depending on various conditions.. Do you want to sail upwind or go downwind? You cannot hoist just any sail and use it. It's, therefore, of great importance to understand how and when to use each sail type.

In this in-depth article, we'll look at various sail types and rigs, and how to use them to make your sailing more enjoyable.

Table of contents

Different Sail Types

It is perhaps worth noting that a sailboat is only as good as its sails. The very heart of sailing comes in capturing the wind using artfully trimmed sails and turning that into motion. . Ask any good sailor and he'll tell you that knowing how and when to trim the sails efficiently will not only improve the overall performance of your boat but will elevate your sailing experience. In short, sails are the driving force of sailboats.

As such, it's only natural that you should know the different types of sails and how they work. Let's first highlight different sail types before going into the details.

• Jib - triangular staysail
• Spinnaker - huge balloon-shaped downwind sail for light airs
• Genoa - huge jib that overlaps the mainsail
• Gennaker - a combination of a spinnaker and genoa
• Code zero - reaching genoa for light air 
• Windseeker - tall, narrow, high-clewed, and lightweight jib
• Drifter - versatile light air genoa made from particularly lightweight cloth
• Storm jib - a smaller jib meant for stormy conditions
• Trysail - This is a smaller front-and-aft sail for heavy weather

The mainsail is the principal sail on a boat. It's generally set aft of the mainmast. Working together with the jib, the mainsail is designed to create the lift that drives the sailboat windward. That being said, the mainsail is a very powerful component that must always be kept under control.

As the largest sail, and the geometric center of effort on the boat, the mainsail is tasked with capturing the bulk of the wind that's required to propel the sailboat. The foot, the term for the bottom of any sail, secures to the boom, which allows you to trim the sail to your heading. The luff, the leading edge of the sail, is attached to the mast. An idealized mainsail would be able to swing through trim range of 180°, the full semi-circle aft of the mast, though in reality, most larger boats don’t support this full range of motion, as a fully eased sail can occasionally be unstable in heavy breeze.

. As fully controlling the shape of the mainsail is crucial to sailing performance, there are many different basic mainsail configurations. For instance, you can get a full-batten mainsail, a regular mainsail with short battens, or a two-plus-two mainsail with two full-length battens. Hyper-high performance boats have even begun experimenting with winged sails which are essentially trimmable airplane wings! Moreover, there are numerous sail controls that change the shape by pulling at different points on the sail, boom, or mast. Reefing, for instance, allows you to shorten the sail vertically, reducing the amount of sail area when the boat is overpowered.

Features of a Mainsail

Several features will affect how a particular sail works and performs. Some features will, of course, affect the cost of the sail while others may affect its longevity. All in all, it's essential to decide the type of mainsail that's right for you and your sailing application.

Sail Battens, the Roach, and the Leech

The most difficult part of the sail to control, but also the most important, are the areas we refer to as the leech and the roach. The roach is the part of the sail that extends backwards past the shortest line between the clew, at the end of the boom, and the top of the mast. It makes up roughly the back third of the sail. The leech is the trailing edge of the sail, the backmost curve of the roach. Together, these two components control the flow of the air off the back of the sail, which greatly affects the overall sail performance. If the air stalls off the backside of the sail, you will find a great loss in performance. Many sail controls, including the boom vang, backstay, main halyard, and even the cunningham, to name a few, focus on keeping this curve perfect. 

As for parts of the sail itself, battens control the overall horizontal shape of the sail. Battens are typically made from fiberglass or wood and are built into batten pockets. They're meant to offer support and tension to maintain the sail shape Depending on the sail technology you want to use, you may find that full battens, which extend from luff to leech, or short battens, just on the trailing edge, are the way to go. Fully battened sails tend to be more expensive, but also higher performance.

Fully Battened Mainsails

They're generally popular on racing multihulls as they give you a nice solid sail shape which is crucial at high speeds. In cruising sailboats , fully battened mainsails have a few benefits such as:

• They prevent the mainsail from ragging. This extends the life of the sail, and makes maneuvers and trimming easier for the crew.
• It provides shape and lift in light-air conditions where short-battened mainsails would collapse.

On the other hand, fully-battened mainsails are often heavier, made out of thicker material, and can chafe against the standing rigging with more force when sailing off the wind.

Short Battens

On the other hand, you can choose a mainsail design that relies mostly on short battens, towards the leech of the sail. This tends to work for lighter cloth sails, as the breeze, the headsail, and the rigging help to shape the sail simply by the tension of the rig and the flow of the wind. The battens on the leech help to preserve the shape of the sail in the crucial area where the air is flowing off the back of the sail, keeping you from stalling out the entire rig.

The only potential downside is that these short battens deal with a little bit of chafe and tension in their pockets, and the sail cloth around these areas ought to be reinforced. If your sails do not have sufficient reinforcement here, or you run into any issues related to batten chafe, a good sail maker should be able to help you extend the life of your sails for much less than the price of a new set.

How to Hoist the Mainsail

Here's how to hoist the mainsail, assuming that it relies on a slab reefing system and lazy jacks and doesn't have an in-mast or in-boom furling system.

• ‍Maintain enough speed for steeragewhile heading up into the wind
• Slacken the mainsheet, boom vang, and cunningham
• Make sure that the lazy jacks do not catch the ends on the battens by pulling the lazy jacks forward.
• Ensure that the reefing runs are free to run and the proper reefs are set if necessary.
• Raise the halyard as far as you can depending on pre-set reefs.
• Tension the halyard to a point where a crease begins to form along the front edge
• Re-set the lazy jacks
• Trim the mainsail properly while heading off to your desired course

So what's Right for You?

Your mainsail will depend on how you like sailing your boat and what you expect in terms of convenience and performance. That being said, first consult the options that the boatbuilder or sailmakers suggest for your rig. When choosing among the various options, consider what you want from the sail, how you like to sail, and how much you're willing to spend on the mainsail.

The headsail is principally the front sail in a fore-and-aft rig. They're commonly triangular and are attached to or serve as the boat’s forestay. They include a jib and a genoa. 

A jib is a triangular sail that is set ahead of the foremost sail. For large boats, the roto-furling jib has become a common and convenient way to rig and store the jib. Often working in shifts with spinnakers, jibs are the main type of headsails on modern sailboats. Jibs take advantage of Bournoulli’s Principle to break the incoming breeze for the mainsail, greatly increasing the speed and point of any boat. By breaking the incoming wind and channeling it through what we call the ‘slot,’ the horizontal gap between the leech of the jib and the luff of the mainsail, the jib drastically increases the efficiency of your mainsail. It additionally balances the helm on your rudder by pulling the bow down, as the mainsail tends to pull the stern down. .

The main aim of the jib is to increase the sail area for a given mast size. It improves the aerodynamics of the mainsails so that your sailboat can catch more wind and thereby sail faster, especially in light air

Using Jibs on Modern Sailboats

In the modern contexts, jib’s mainly serve  increase the performance and overall stability of the mainsail. The jib can also reduce the turbulence of the mainsail on the leeward side.

On Traditional Vessels

Traditional vessels such as schooners have about three jibs. The topmast carried a jib topsail, the main foresail is called the jib, while the innermost jib is known as the staysail. The first two were employed almost exclusively by clipper ships.

How to Rig the Jibs

There are three basic ways to rig the jib.

Track Sheets - A relatively modern approach to the self-tacking jib, this entails placing all the trimming hardware on a sliding track forward of the mast. This means that on each tack, the hardware slides from one side of the boat to the other. This alleviates the need to switch sheets and preserves the trim angle on both sides, though it can be finnicky and introduce friction.

Sheet up the Mast - This is a very popular approach and for a good reason. Hoist the jib sheet up the mast high enough to ensure that there's the right tension through the tack. Whether internally or externally, the sheet returnsto the deck and then back to the cockpit just like the rest of the mast baselines. The fact the hardware doesn't move through the tacks is essential in reducing friction.

Sheet Forward - This method revolves around ensuring that the jib sheet stays under constant pressure so that it does not move through the blocks in the tacks. This is possible if the through-deck block is extremely close to the jib tack. Your only challenge will only be to return the sheet to the cockpit. This is, however, quite challenging and can cause significant friction.

Dual Sheeting - The traditional method, especially on smaller dinghies, though it is not self-tacking. This requires a two ended or two separate sheet system, where one sheet runs to a block on starboard, and the other to port. Whenever you tack or gybe, this means you have to switch which sheet is active and which is slack, which is ok for well crewed boats, but a potential issue on under-crewed boats.

Another important headsail, a genoa is essentially a large jib that usually overlaps the mainsail or extends past the mast, especially when viewed from the other side. In the past, a genoa was known as the overlapping jib and is technically used on twin-mast boats and single-mast sloops such as ketches and yawls. A genoa has a large surface area, which is integral in increasing the speed of the vessel both in moderate and light winds.

Genoas are generally characterized by the percentage they cover. In most cases, sail racing classes stipulate the limit of a genoa size. In other words, genoas are usually classified by coverage.

Top-quality genoa trim is of great importance, especially if the wind is forward of the beam. This is because the wind will first pass over the genoa before the mainsail. As such, a wrongly sheeted genoa can erroneously direct the wind over the mainsail,spelling doom to your sailing escapades. While you can perfectly adjust the shape of a genoa using the mast rake, halyard tension, sheet tension, genoa car positioning, and backstay tension, furling and unfurling a genoa can be very challenging, especially in higher winds.

That being said, here are the crucial steps to always keep in mind.

• Unload and ease the loaded genoa sheet by going to a broad reach
• Do not use the winch; just pull on the furling line
• Keep a very small amount of pressure or tension on the loaded genoa sheet
• Secure the furling line and tighten the genoa sheets
• Get on the proper point of sail
• Have the crew help you and release the lazy genoa sheets
• Maintain a small tension while easing out the furling line
• Pull-on a loaded genoa sheet
• Close or cleat off the rope clutch when the genoa is unfurled
• Trim the genoa

To this end, it's important to note that genoas are popular in some racing classes. This is because they only categorize genoas based on the fore-triangle area covered, which essentially allows a genoa to significantly increase the actual sail area. On the contrary, keep in mind that tacking a genoa is quite a bit harder than a jib, as the overlapping area can get tangled with the mast and shrouds. It's, therefore, important to make sure that the genoa is carefully tended, particularly when tacking.

Downwind Sails

Modern sailboats are a lot easier to maneuver thanks to the fore-and-aft rig. Unfortunately, when sailing downwind they catch less wind, and downwind sails are a great way of reducing this problem. They include the spinnaker and the gennaker.

A spinnaker will, without a doubt, increase your sailing enjoyment. But why are they often buried in the cabin of cruising boats? Well, the first few attempts to rig and set a spinnaker can be difficult without enough help and guidance. Provided a solid background, however, spinnakers are quite straightforward and easy to use and handle with teamwork and enough practice. More importantly, spinnakers can bring a light wind passage to life and can save your engine.

Spinnakers are purposely designed for sailing off the wind; they fill with wind and balloon out in front of your sailboat. Structured with a lightweight fabric such as nylon, the spinnaker is also known as a kite or chute, as they look like parachutes both in structure and appearance. 

A perfectly designed spinnaker should have taut leading edges when filled. This mitigates the risk of lifting and collapsing. A spinnaker should have a smooth curve when filled and devoid of depressions and bubbles that might be caused by the inconsistent stretching of the fabric. The idea here is that anything other than a smooth curve may reduce the lift and thereby reduce performance.

Types of Spinnakers

There are two main types of spinnakers: symmetric spinnakers and asymmetric spinnakers.

Asymmetric Spinnakers

Flown from a spinnaker pole or bowsprit fitted to the bow of the boat, asymmetric spinnakers resemble large jibs and have been around since the 19th century. The concept of asymmetric spinnaker revolves around attaching the tack of the spinnaker at the bow and pulling it around during a gybe.

Asymmetric spinnakers have two sheets just like a jib., These sheets are attached at the clew and never interact directly with the spinnaker pole. This is because the other corner of the spinnaker is fixed to the bowsprit. The asymmetric spinnaker works when you pull in one sheet while releasing the other. This makes it a lot easier to gybe but is less suited to sailing directly downwind. There is the loophole of having the asymmetric spinnaker gybed to the side opposite of the boom, so that the boat is sailing ‘wing-on-wing,’ though this is a more advanced maneuver, generally reserved for certain conditions and tactical racing situations.

On the contrary, the asymmetric spinnaker is perfect for fast planing dinghies. This is because such vessels have speeds that generate apparent wind forward. Because asymmetrics, by nature, prefer to sail shallower downwind angles, this apparent wind at high speeds makes the boat think that it is sailing higher than it really is, allowing you to drive a little lower off the breeze than normal. . In essence, the asymmetric spinnaker is vital if you're looking for easy handling.

Symmetric Spinnakers

Symmetric spinnakers are a classic sail type that has been used for centuries for controlling boats by lines known as a guy and a sheet. The guy, which is a windward line, is attached to the tack of the sail and stabilized by a spinnaker pole. The sheet, which is the leeward line, is attached to the clew of the spinnaker and is essential in controlling the shape of the spinnaker sail.

When set correctly, the leading edges of the symmetric spinnaker should be almost parallel to the wind. This is to ensure that the airflow over the leading edge remains attached. Generally, the spinnaker pole should be at the right angles to the apparent wind and requires a lot of care when packing.

The main disadvantage of this rig is the need to gybe the spinnaker pole whenever you gybe the boat. This is a complicated maneuver, and is one of the most common places for spinnakers to rip or get twisted. If, however, you can master this maneuver, you can sail at almost any angle downwind!

How to Use Spinnaker Effectively

If you decide to include the spinnakers to your sailboat, the sailmaker will want to know the type of boat you have, what kind of sailing you do, and where you sail. As such, the spinnaker that you end up with should be an excellent and all-round sail and should perform effectively off the breeze

The type of boat and where you'll be sailing will hugely influence the weight of your spinnaker cloth. In most cases, cruising spinnakers should be very light, so if you've decided to buy a spinnaker, make sure that it's designed per the type of your sailboat and where you will be sailing. Again, you can choose to go for something lighter and easier to set if you'll be sailing alone or with kids who are too young to help.

Setting up Spinnakers

One of the main reasons why sailors distrust spinnakers is because they don't know how to set them up. That being said, a perfectly working spinnaker starts with how you set it up and this revolves around how you carefully pack it and properly hook it up. You can do this by running the luff tapes and ensuring that the sails are not twisted when packed into the bag. If you are using large spinnakers, the best thing to do is make sure that they're set in stops to prevent the spinnakers from filling up with air before you even hoist them fully.

But even with that, you cannot fully set the spinnaker while sailing upwind. Make sure to bear away and have your pole ready to go as you turn downwind. You should then bear away to a reach before hoisting. Just don't hoist the spinnakers from the bow as this can move the weight of the crew and equipment forward.

Used when sailing downwind, a gennaker is asymmetric sail somewhere between a genoa and a spinnaker. It sets itself apart because it  gennaker is a free-flying asymmetric spinnaker but it is tacked to the bowsprit like the jib.

Let's put it into perspective. Even though the genoa is a great sail for racing and cruising, sailors realized that it was too small to be used in a race or for downwind sail and this is the main reason why the spinnaker was invented. While the spinnakers are large sails that can be used for downwind sail, they are quite difficult to handle especially if you're sailing shorthanded. As such, this is how a gennaker came to be: it gives you the best of both worlds.

Gennakers are stable and easy to fly and will add to your enjoyment and downwind performance.

The Shape of a Gennaker

As we've just noted, the gennaker is asymmetrical. It doesn't attach to the forestay like the genoa but has a permanent fitting from the mast to bow. It is rigged exactly like a spinnaker but its tack is fastened to the bowsprit. This is fundamentally an essential sail if you're looking for something to bridge the gap between a genoa and a spinnaker.

Setting a Gennaker

When cruising, the gennaker is set with the tack line from the bow, a halyard, and a sheet that's led to the aft quarter. Attach the tack to a furling unit and attach it to a fitting on the hull near the very front of the sailboat. You can then attach the halyard that will help in pulling it up to the top of the mast before attaching it to the clew. The halyard can then run back to the winches to make the controlling of the sail shape easier, just like when using the genoa sail.

In essence, a gennaker is a superb sail that will give you the maximum versatility of achieving the best of both a genoa and a spinnaker, especially when sailing downwind. This is particularly of great importance if you're cruising by autopilot or at night.

Light Air Sails

Even though downwind sails can be used as light air sails, not all light air sails can be used for downwind sailing. In other words, there's a level of difference between downwind sails and light air sails. Light air sails include code zero, windseeker, and drifter reacher.

A cross between an asymmetrical spinnaker and a genoa, a code zero is a highly modern sail type that's generally used when sailing close to the wind in light air. Although the initial idea of code zero was to make a larger genoa, it settled on a narrow and flat spinnaker while upholding the shape of a genoa.

Modern boats come with code zero sails that can be used as soon as the sailboat bears off close-hauled even a little bit. It has a nearly straight luff and is designed to be very flat for close reaching. This sail is designed to give your boat extra performance in light winds, especially in boats that do not have overlapping genoas. It also mitigates the problem of loss of power when you are reaching with a non-overlapping headsail. Really, it is closer to a light air jib that sacrifices a little angle for speed.

In many conditions, a code zero sail can go as high as a sailboat with just a jib. By hoisting a code zero, you'll initially have to foot off about 15 degrees to fill it and get the power that you require to heel and move the boat. The boat will not only speed up but will also allow you to put the bow up while also doing the same course as before you set the zero. In essence, code zero can be an efficient way of giving your boat about 30% more speed and this is exactly why it's a vital inventory item in racing sailboats.

When it comes to furling code zero, the best way to do it is through a top-down furling system as this will ensure that you never get a twist in the system.

Generally used when a full size and heavier sail doesn't stay stable or pressurized, a windseeker is a very light sail that's designed for drifting conditions. This is exactly why they're designed with a forgiving cloth to allow them to handle these challenging conditions.

The windseeker should be tacked at the headstay with two sheets on the clew. To help this sail fill in the doldrums, you can heel the boat to whatever the apparent leeward side is and let gravity help you maintain a good sail shape while reaching.The ideal angle of a windseeker should be about 60 degrees.

Though only used in very specific conditions, the windseeker is so good at this one job that it is worth the investment if you plan on a long cruise. Still, you can substitute most off the breeze sails for this in a pinch, with slightly less performance gain, likely with more sacrifices in angle to the breeze. 

Drifter Reacher

Many cruising sailors often get intimidated by the idea of setting and trimming a drifter if it's attached to the rig at only three corners or if it's free-flying. But whether or not a drifter is appropriate for your boat will hugely depend on your boat's rig, as well as other specific details such as your crew's ability to furl and unfurl the drifter and, of course, your intended cruising grounds.

But even with that, the drifter remains a time-honored sail that's handy and very versatile. Unlike other light air sails, the drifter perfectly carries on all points of sails as it allows the boat to sail close-hauled and to tack. It is also very easy to control when it's set and struck. In simpler terms, a drifter is principally a genoa that's built of lightweight fabric such as nylon. Regardless of the material, the drifter is a superb sail if you want to sail off a lee shore without using the genoa.

Generally stronger than other regular sails, stormsails are designed to handle winds of over 45 knots and are great when sailing in stormy conditions. They include a storm jib and a trysail.

If you sail long and far enough, chances are you have or will soon be caught in stormy conditions. Under such conditions, storm jibs can be your insurance and you'll be better off if you have a storm jib that has the following features:

• Robustly constructed using heavyweight sailcloth
• Sized suitably for the boat
• Highly visible even in grey and white seas

That's not all; you should never go out there without a storm jib as this, together with the trysail, is the only sails that will be capable of weathering some of nature's most testing situations.

Storm jibs typically have high clews to give you the flexibility of sheet location. You can raise the sail with a spare halyard until its lead position is closed-hauled in the right position. In essence, storm jib is your insurance policy when out there sailing: you should always have it but always hope that you never have to use it.

Also known as a spencer, a trysail is a small, bright orange, veritably bullet-proof, and triangular sail that's designed to save the boat's mainsail from winds over 45 knots and works in the same way as a storm jib. It is designed to enable you to make progress to windward even in strong and stormy winds.

Trysails generally use the same mast track as the mainsail but you have to introduce the slides into the gate from the head of the trysail.

There are two main types of rigs: the fore-and-aft rig and the square rigg.

Fore-and-aft Rig

This is a sailing rig that chiefly has the sails set along the lines of the keel and not perpendicular to it. It can be divided into three categories: Bermuda rig, Gaff rig, and Lateen rig.

Bermuda Rig - Also known as a Marconi rig, this is the typical configuration of most modern sailboats. It has been used since the 17th century and remains one of the most efficient types of rigs. The rig revolves around setting a triangular sail aft of the mast with the head raised to the top of the mast. The luff should run down the mast and be attached to the entire length.

Gaff Rig - This is the most popular fore-and-aft rig on vessels such as the schooner and barquentine. It revolves around having the sail four-cornered and controlled at its peak. In other words, the head of the mainsail is guided by a gaff.

Lateen Rig - This is a triangular fore-and-aft rig whereby a triangular sail is configured on a long yard that's mounted at a given angle of the mast while running in a fore-and-aft direction. Lateen rig is commonly used in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean.

Square Rigged

This is a rig whereby the mainsails are arranged in a horizontal spar so that they're square or vertical to the mast and the keel of the boat. The square rig is highly efficient when sailing downwind and was once very popular with ocean-going sailboats.

Unquestionably, sailing is always pleasurable. Imagine turning off the engine of your boat, hoisting the sails, and filling them with air! This is, without a doubt, a priceless moment that will make your boat keel and jump forward!

But being propelled by the noiseless motion of the wind and against the mighty currents and pounding waves of the seas require that you know various sail types and how to use them not just in propelling your boat but also in ensuring that you enjoy sailing and stay safe. Sails are a gorgeous way of getting forward. They remain the main fascination of sailboats and sea cruising. If anything, sails and boats are inseparable and are your true friends when out there on the water. As such, getting to know different types of sails and how to use them properly is of great importance.

All in all, let's wish you calm seas, fine winds, and a sturdy mast!

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I've personally had thousands of questions about sailing and sailboats over the years. As I learn and experience sailing, and the community, I share the answers that work and make sense to me, here on Life of Sailing.

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Most Popular Types of Sails on a Sailboat

Learning about how there were different types of sails on sailboats for me was a bit strange at first. I thought something along the lines of “Don’t you just need to put some fabric on some polls and grab the wind?” Obviously, there’s far more to it than that.

So what are the most popular types of sails on sailboats? The mainsail, headsail (or jib), genoa, spinnaker, and gennaker are the most popular types of sails on sailboats. There are also a number of different configurations when considering the type of sail and mast in use including a sloop, fractional rig sloop, cutter, ketch, schooner, yawl, and cat.

Simply put, different sailboat sails serve different purposes when out on the water.

The sail is kind of like the “engine” of your sailboat (of course, sailboats can have actual engines) in that it’s the main source of forward propulsion.

So, it’s important to know when best to use either type of sail and why including the many different names of sails on a ship.

Types of Sails

There are a number of reasons why you’d want to use one sail over another, but the most important points to consider have to do with the point of sail you’re sailing in and the wind strength.

Maybe you need downwind sails, square sails, or a triangular sail. Maybe a unique sail shape, sail cloth, or sail area. With that in mind, let’s check out the different sail types!

The mainsail is by far the most popular type of sail on sailboats and is often the first image that comes to mind when thinking about a sailboat.

Mainsails are found behind the mast and attached to the boom, which makes it a common part of the sailboat to keep an eye on as it takes up a lot of real estate on a boat with sails especially during a sail tack.

Mainsails are able to cover a lot of surface area with respect to incoming winds, especially since they’re attached to the boom.

The fact that they have a large surface area means they don’t require very strong winds to provide good forward propulsion on a sailboat.

Also, since the position of the mainsail can be easily configured thanks to the boom, all points of sail are achievable.

Headsail/Jib

The headsail (or jib) is probably the second most popular type of sail on sailboats since it usually accompanies the mainsail.

The headsail is always placed at the front of the mast and can cover a good amount of the bow of the sailboat. It’s also smaller than a mainsail, making it more portable and easy to work with.

Headsails aren’t as big as mainsails, therefore they have a smaller surface area which results in the fact that they’re not capable of catching as much wind as a mainsail.

This is an important point though since if the current wind is exceptionally strong and your mainsail has been trimmed as much as possible, being able to put away your mainsail and depend on your headsail alone is an excellent strategy to reduce speed.

When the wind is just too strong to keep your mainsail out, putting it away and using only your headsail is a great option.

You won’t be grabbing as much wind as with the mainsail and you’ll be able to have a much more enjoyable (and safer!) sailing experience.

One of the most picturesque sailing images one can conjure up is the one with a sailboat using a genoa sail (see the image above on the right).

A genoa is a type of large jib that’s attached to the front of the forestay just like a headsail.

One of the main differences with the genoa sail is that it’s bigger than the normal headsail and oftentimes extends behind the mast partially or completely covering the mainsail. It actually used to be called an “overlapping jib”.

Using a genoa sail means you have light to medium winds and your sailboat is more or less in a dead run point of sail (wind coming directly from the rear or sailing downwind).

Since the surface area of a genoa sail is so large, it’s important only to use it when winds are relatively low. Otherwise, you’ll be moving exceptionally fast resulting in a potentially risky situation.

A spinnaker sail is a fun sail to use since it’s quite large, colorful, and can pick up a lot of wind.

Unlike a genoa sail, they’re often symmetrical making them more sensitive to the reaching points of sail and thus more appropriate for the running point of sail. They’re also lighter and have a “kite” kind of feel to them.

The reason they resemble a “kite” is not only that they’re generally lighter and more colorful than other types of jibs, but also they don’t cover the mast like a genoa sail.

Instead, they don’t attach to the forestay and stretch out toward and past the bow of a sailboat. Since they’re bigger than genoa sails, you want to be even more careful to only use them in relatively low and non-volatile wind environments.

A gennaker sail is a more recent type of sail on sailboats since they were developed around 1990.

Gennakers are a cross between genoa and spinnaker sails (as the name might suggest), which are big like a spinnaker, aren’t as symmetric as a spinnaker, and aren’t attached to the forestay like a genoa sail or headsail.

The reason for the invention of the gennaker is that sailors wanted to take advantage of lighter winds without having to resort to using a spinnaker if the winds change from a pure dead run to more of a reaching point of sail.

All in all, the gennaker sail is able to bridge the performance gap between a genoa and spinnaker sail in terms of being able to take on a more flexible point of sail while taking advantage of relatively softer winds.

Popular Sail and Mast Configurations

Now that you’re familiar with the most popular types of sails on a sailboat, it’s good to get an idea of how these sail types relate to the configuration of a sailboat’s mast.

There are a huge number of combinations when it comes to sails and mast configurations, so I thought I’d lay out the most popular ones you’ll likely run into out on the water.

A sloop is the most common type of sail and mast configuration for sailboats. The sloop is the classic single mast, double sail setup.

The sails on a sloop consist of a mainsail and a headsail. The headsail can be different types of jibs, including the genoa, spinnaker, or gennaker sails. The headsail is connected to the forestay on the mast and runs all the way to the top of the mast.

Fractional Rig Sloop

Similar to a sloop, a fractional rig sloop has a single mast, double sail setup. The only difference, however, is that the forestay doesn’t reach the top of the mast, resulting in the headsail being restricted to a fractional amount of space a normal sloop would allow for.

This reduction of surface area for the headsail means that less wind can be captured and, thus, reduced sailboat speed.

A cutter is an interesting setup since it’s just like the sloop and fractional rig sloop setup, but instead of one forestay it has two. With two forestays on the mast, cutters are able to house two headsails.

This can be a preferred setup because it allows for easy cruising due to it offering a diverse combination of points of sail for different strengths of wind.

A ketch is a less common setup when compared to the previous setups since it has two masts.

Just like a sloop, it has a mast that allows for a mainsail and headsail with a full range forestay, but it also has a smaller sized mast between the mainmast and the stern of the sailboat.

This mast configuration was commonly used in Northern European freighter and fishing boats and is called the mizzen mast.

If you’ve ever seen Pirates of the Carribean, you’ll have seen almost nothing but schooners. A schooner is when a sailboat has two or more masts, similar to a ketch, while having a number of sails to manage.

The main differences between a ketch and a schooner are that a schooner’s aft mast (the rear mast) is taller than the forward mast and a schooner can have up to six masts some including a square sail or two. This makes names of sails on a schooner the fore and aft sail (or fore and aft rig).

A yawl is almost identical to a ketch with the only difference being that the mizzen mast is located directly behind the sailboat’s rudder post. In terms of a ketch vs yawl, the mizzen sail is also much smaller than the mizzen sail on a ketch due to its position on the sailboat.

A cat has one mast and one sail with the mast being positioned at the bow of the sailboat. This mast configuration is most commonly found on smaller sailboats, especially dingy sailboats. These types of sailboats are colloquially called “catboats”.

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The Most Popular Types Of Sails On A Sailboat

A sloop-rigged sailboat typically features a mainsail, a headsail, and an additional light-wind sail, such as a spinnaker or Gennaker. The mainsail is rigged aft of the mast, while the headsail is attached to the forestay. The two most commonly used headsails are the Genoa and Jib.

The sails are vital parts of a sailboat since you obviously couldn’t sail without them! There are many different sails depending on the type of sailboat and its rig configuration, and we’ll walk through them together in this article.

The different types of sails on a sailboat

We can divide the selection of sails on a sailboat into three categories:

• Standard sails

Light-wind sails

• Storm sails

Each category serves different purposes depending on the vessel’s rig configuration and the sail’s functionality. 

The standard sails

The standard sails usually form a sailboat’s basic sail plan and include :

• The Mainsail
• The Staysail
• The Mizzen sail

These sails are the ones that are used most frequently on sloop, ketch, and cutter-rigged sailboats and are usually set up to be ready to use quickly.

Headsails are often rolled up on a furler, while the main and mizzen sail are stored on the boom or furled into the mast. 

The halyards and sheets are kept within easy reach, making these sails the primary choice in most situations. Let’s dive further into each of them.

The mainsail is a triangular sail that flies behind the mast on top of the boom . Although it may not always be the largest sail on the vessel, we commonly refer to it as “the main.”

It is a vital sail, and keeping the sail shape trimmed properly on every point of sail is crucial for the stability and performance of the boat.

A Jib sail is a headsail that does not overlap the mainsail. It is typically between 100% and 115% of the foretriangle but can also be smaller. The foretriangle is the triangular area formed by the mast, deck, and forestay. The Jib is often used with a self-tacking system involving a sheet traveler in front of the mast.

This sail is often seen on newer boats with fractional rigs, which typically have a larger mainsail area than the headsail area. However, the Jib is versatile and also used in other configurations.

People often mix the terms Genoa and Jib. Many refer to any headsail as a Jib, which is incorrect. I personally prefer to use the correct terms to avoid confusion .

A Genoa sail resembles a large Jib but extends past the mast and overlaps the mainsail. Genoas are usually larger than 115% of the foretriangle , with sizes ranging from 120% to 150%. They are often used on vessels with masthead rigs and smaller mainsails but are also common on fractional rigs.

The Staysail is typically found on cutter rigs and is set on the inner forestay or cutter stay. It can be combined with other sails, such as a Jib, Genoa, or Yankee, or on its own in stronger winds.

The Staysail is also useful when sailing downwind, as it can be paired with a headsail and extended to opposite sides of the boat using a pole.

The Yankee sail resembles a Genoa and Jib but has a high-cut clew. This shape allows for improved airflow when used with another headsail. The Yankee is often used on cutter-rigged boats in combination with a staysail and is known for its versatility in different wind conditions. 

Mizzen Sail

A mizzen sail is similar to the mainsail, only smaller . It is set on the aft mast of a boat with multiple masts, such as a ketch rig. The mizzen sail is usually used to provide balance and stability to the vessel and provides additional power when sailing downwind.

Another handy usage is to fly the mizzen at anchor to keep the bow up against waves and swell.

The light-wind sails are large, made of thin nylon, and typically shaped like a half-balloon. They are a type of headsails that are great when the winds are too light to fill the standard headsail and are often used when sailing downwind.

The four most commonly used light-wind sails are:

• The Spinnaker
• The Gennaker
• The Code Zero
• The Parasailor

They all provide excellent forward propulsion on a sailboat but usually require some extra rigging to be set. 

Experienced cruisers love to use light-wind sails in nice weather, but they have a critical weakness to be aware of. These sails easily get overpowered when the wind increases, and I strongly advise being careful and observant of the wind conditions when flying them.

(Yes, I have managed to rip mine on one occasion due to getting overpowered, but that’s a different story…)

Let’s continue and take a closer look at each of the light wind sails.

A Spinnaker sail is a large, lightweight downwind sail used at deep angles between 120 and 180 degrees. It is symmetrical in shape with two clews and is often brightly colored. 

The Spinnaker is set by using a pole to extend the sail’s clew to the vessel’s side. Then, a sheet is attached to the other clew and led back to the stern of the boat. 

A Gennaker sail combines the characteristics of the Genoa and Spinnaker. It is made of nylon like the Spinnaker but is asymmetrical like a Genoa and rigged slightly differently. The tack is attached to the bow, and the clew has a sheet led aft to the cockpit. The Gennaker can be equipped with a snuffer to make it even easier to set up and take down.

It is popular among cruisers because it is simpler to use than a spinnaker and it doesn’t require a pole. The sail is effective at angles between 90 degrees and almost all the way down to 180 degrees, making it versatile for various light-wind conditions.

A Parasailor is similar to the Spinnaker in many aspects but has some distinct differences. It has a double-layer wing that inflates as the sail is filled with air, creating a batten-like effect pushing the leech out while providing lift to the bow. 

The wing also helps to prevent the rolling movements you get with a Spinnaker and the collapsing of the leech that can occur with a Gennaker at deep angles.

This makes the parasailor effective at sailing angles between 70 and 180 degrees dead downwind. Parasailors can be set like a Gennaker when reaching or with a pole like the Spinnaker for running downwind.

A Code Zero sail combines some elements of the Genoa and Gennaker. Unlike the Gennaker, the Code Zero has a different shape, allowing it to be used while sailing upwind.

Another benefit is that it can be used with a furler which makes it easy to roll in and out. However, it can’t replace the Gennaker or Spinnaker entirely, as it is not effective at sailing angles deeper than 120 degrees.

If you see a big yacht with three forestay’s, the forward one probably holds a code zero sail. A bow spirit allows the ability to fly additional light wind sails as well!

Storm Sails

The storm sails consist of a small Mainsail and Jib in heavy-duty materials designed for rough conditions. These sails enable us to maintain speed and stability in the boat in severe weather too strong for the standard sails.

Storm sails are often brightly colored , such as red, orange, or yellow, to make them more visible at sea.

Storm Mainsail

A storm mainsail is used when the reefing setup doesn’t allow the standard mainsail area to be reduced enough to prevent overpowering. The sail can handle rough conditions and is excellent for maintaining stability.

A storm Jib is used when the headsail has been furled to the point where it is no longer effective. It is especially useful for sailboats rigged with a Genoa, as the Genoa gets inefficient when heavily reefed. As the storm Jib is smaller than the standard headsail, it also lowers the center of gravity, making the vessel heel less and become more stable.

Explaining the terms for the parts of a sail

Let us talk some more about sails. The goal is to go sailing, right?

Identifying the different parts of the sails is crucial to understanding which lines go where.

Let’s zoom in on a sail and break down the terms :

The head is the top corner of the sail . Most mainsails have a headboard or plate where the halyard is connected, while headsails use a metal ring. A halyard is a line we use to raise and lower sails with.

The leech is the aft part of a sail , located between the clew and head. We use a combination of the outhaul, main sheet, and traveler to trim and adjust the leech on the mainsail.

The headsail’s leech is trimmed by adjusting sheet tension and angle according to the wind speed and direction. A traveler is a track with a movable car or pulley system for adjusting the position and angle of a sheet, and most sailboats have one main traveler for the mainsail and car tracks along the side decks for the headsail. 

The luff of a sail is the front part of the sail between the tack and head. On a mainsail, the luff runs vertically along the mast and along or close to the forestay on a headsail. Headsails are often equipped with luff foam to help maintain their shape when partially reefed on a furler.

Battens are slats or tubes inserted into pockets on the mainsail to help the sail maintain its shape and increase its lifespan . A traditional sail hoisted and lowered on the boom typically has horizontal battens. Vessels with in-mast furling can use vertical battens instead of horizontal ones. 

• A fully battened Mainsail has the battens run through the entire sail length from the luff to the leech.
• A standard battened main sail has the battens along the sail’s leech.

Telltales are small ropes, bands, or flags attached to a sail to give an indication of the airflow around the sail. They help us understand how the wind affects the sail and allow us to fine-tune the trim for optimal performance. Telltales are usually found on the mainsail’s leech and in the front of the headsail’s leech.

The clew of a sail is the lower aft corner and where the outhaul is connected on a mainsail. Headsails have sheets attached to their clew for controlling and trimming the shape and tension.

The tack is the lower, forward corner of a sail.  On a traditional Mainsail, the tack is attached to the Gooseneck, a hinge in front of the boom attached to the mast.

With in-mast furling, the tack is connected to the furling mechanism. This mechanism is used to roll the sail into the mast.

The headsails tack is connected to a furler drum on the forestay on most sailboats. Vessels using traditional hank-on headsails connect the tack to a fixed point on the bow.

The foot of the mainsail is the bottom portion of the sail between the clew and the tack. It is trimmed using the outhaul, a line attached to the clew, and used to adjust the tension on the foot of the sail. Some mainsail are configured loose-footed, and others are attach-footed.

The foot of the headsail is trimmed by adjusting the tension and angle of the sheets, which are the lines used to control the headsail’s clew. We use cars, or pulleys, to adjust the angle of the sheets and thus the trim of the headsail.

Traditional and less commonly seen sails

We’ve now looked at the most commonly used sails and walked through the different parts of them. But what about the less common ones? The art of sailing has a rich history, with some unique sail designs that we rarely see today.

Read on if you want to peek into some traditional sails, or skip straight to popular sail and mast configurations here.

Square sails

Square sails are rectangular and usually set across a ship’s mast, mostly seen on traditional square-rigged sailing ships and Viking ships. These sails are efficient for downwind sailing and are hung from horizontal spars called yards. Though not as agile as modern fore-and-aft sails when sailing upwind, they were central to naval exploration for centuries. Today, they’re mainly seen on traditional vessels and tall ships, symbolizing maritime heritage.

If you’ve been to Martinique in the summer, you may also have noticed the round skiff sailboats the local fishermen traditionally used for fishing in the Atlantic Ocean with their distinctive big squared sails. Tour de Martinique des Yoles Rondes is a popular yearly event where the locals race and show off these beautiful old boats with colorful sails!

A gaff sail is a traditional four-sided sail held up by a horizontal spar called the “gaff.” They are used on classic gaff-rigged sailboats and allow for a larger sail area with a shorter mast. Gaff-rigged boats were traditionally popular and usually carried 25% more sail area than the equivalent Bermudan rig, making them fast on a downwind run. The Gaff rig could also carry a topsail between the gaff and the mast.

However, they don’t sail well to windward, and modern designs have shifted towards triangular sails for better upwind performance.

Jib-headed topsail

The Jib-headed topsail is a small triangular sail used on gaff rigs and is set between the gaff and the top of the mast.

A lug sail is an angled, four-sided sail that attaches at a point on its top side, making it hang tilted. The sail is simple to use and often found on smaller or older boats. There are different types, like standing, dipping, and balance lugs, each hanging differently around the mast.

The lug sail evolved from the square sail to improve how close the vessels could sail into the wind. Because of their upwind performance, fishermen used them widely in Europe from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries.

Sprit sails

The spritsail, with its unique four-sided design, stands out thanks to a diagonal support called the “sprit.” It was traditionally popular in Thames sailing barges due to its ability to accommodate high-deck cargo. These days, it’s primarily found in smaller boats like the Optimist dinghy in a variant called “leg of mutton spritsail.”

The spritsail was also used in traditional wooden boats like the fearing version of the Oselvar wooden boat traditionally used in western Norway.

It is also commonly used by the indigenous Guna Yala tribes in Panama in their dugout Ulu’s up to this day. We saw plenty of them when we cruised along the coast, and some of them approached us to sell us their delicious catch of the day!

Lateen sails

A lateen sail is a triangular sail set on a long spar angled on the mast. It was originally popular in the Mediterranean and on Arab shows, and its design enhanced maneuverability and played a crucial role in historic sea exploration.

The lateen sail was used on lateen rigs, the predecessor to the Bermuda rig – one of today’s most commonly used rigs!

Which brings us to the following topic:

Popular sail and mast configurations 

There are many different rigs and sail configurations between sailing vessels. From the old-school square rigs to schooners, gaff rigs, and more. However, this article will focus on the three most popular rigs seen on modern sailboats:

• The Bermuda Sloop Rig
• The Cutter Rig
• The Ketch Rig

The three rigs have similarities and differences between their sail and mast configurations. We’ll walk through each of them to understand how they utilize their different types of sail.

If you want to learn more about other rigs, take a look here .

Bermuda Sloop Rig

The Bermuda sloop rig is the most common rig on modern vessels. It is characterized by a single mast, a triangular mainsail, and a headsail. This rig is named after the Bermuda Islands, where it was developed in the 17th century. 

Some of the key features of the Bermuda sloop rig:

• The mast is typically tall and raked, which allows for a large sail area and excellent stabilit y.
• The mainsail is attached to the mast and boom. It is usually combined with a single headsail at the front of the boat, making it powerful and easy to sail.
• The Sloop is usually equipped with a masthead or fractional rig and flies a Jib or Genoa as its primary headsail.

The Bermuda Sloop rig is known for its simplicity, is often used for racing and cruising, and is popular among sailors worldwide.

The cutter rig is very similar to the sloop rig. The significant difference is that it has a single mast and two headsails – a Staysail and a Yankee. The cutter rig is known for its versatility due to the multiple options in sail plans and the double headsail setup.

Some key aspects that separate the Cutter from the Sloop:

• The rig is often more robust than its Sloop sister because of the additional cutter stay and running backstays.
• The mast is located closer to the center of the boat.
• The Cutter has a staysail on the inner forestay and a Yankee sail on the outer. The sails can be used in combination with each other or independently.
• Tacking the headsail between the forestay and cutter stay is more involved than on a sloop.
• The Cutter rig has two similar variations: the Slutter rig and the Solent rig.

Like the Sloop, the Cutter rig is relatively easy to operate. Still, the additional headsail and rigging make it costlier to maintain. It is also less suitable for racing than the Sloop, but the added versatility helps in different weather conditions and makes it an excellent choice for cruisers.

The ketch rig is also similar to the Sloop but has an additional mizzen mast placed further aft of the main mast. Another mast gives it the advantage of even higher versatility in sail plans. The ketch typically uses three sails. The mizzen sail, a mainsail, and a headsail. The mizzen mast also allows it to fly a second light-wind sail. 

Here are a few more distinctions of the ketch rig:

• The ketch typically carries a smaller mainsail than a similarly sized sloop and a smaller mizzen sail.
• A small mizzen and a medium mainsail are easier to handle than one large mainsail.
• The additional mizzen sail makes the vessel easy to balance and gives extra stability downwind.
• The ketch usually doesn’t point as close to the wind as the Sloop and Cutter.

The headsail setup on a ketch is generally the same as for the Sloop. But the ketch can also be rigged as a cutter ketch, which gives it the benefits of the cutter rig! The tradeoff with a cutter-rigged ketch is the higher complexity and additional rigging, hardware, and sails required.

Final words

Well done, you now have a good grasp of the most common sails and their strengths. We have discussed a few rigs and how they utilize different kinds of sails in various sail plans. Remember that more sail types, other rigs, and even more variations are available. It is a complex topic, but this guide covers the basics and gives you a great starting point.

If you still have questions, look below at the FAQ, or leave me a comment. I’m more than happy to help you out!

A sailboat is only as good as its sails, and sails need wind to work. The next logical step is learning how the wind works when we sail and practicing some wind awareness! Head to the following guide to continue your research: Learn The Difference Between True And Apparent Wind Speed.

FAQ: The Different Types of Sails On A Sailboat

What is the foretriangle on a sailboat.

The foretriangle on a sailboat refers to the triangular area formed between the mast, forestay, and deck. If you want to order a new headsail, for example, you’ll have to measure and supply the sailmaker with these details.

What is the difference between a loose-footed and attached-footed mainsail?

A loose-footed mainsail is attached to the boom only at its corners, leaving the rest of the sail’s bottom edge free. An attached-footed mainsail, on the other hand, is secured to the boom along its entire length. The main difference lies in how the bottom of the sail connects to the boom, with the loose-footed design offering more adjustability in the sail shape.

What is a high-cut clew on a sail?

A high-cut clew refers to the design of a foresail, such as a jib or genoa, where the back lower corner (the clew) is raised or “cut” higher above the deck compared to standard designs. This design allows for better visibility beneath the sail and makes it easier to sail over waves without the sail touching the water, which is especially beneficial for offshore or blue-water cruising. Very high-cut clews are commonly seen on yankee sails on cutter-rigged sailboats.

What is luff foam on a sail?

Luff foam is a padded strip sewn into the forward edge of roller furling sails. It ensures the sail is appropriately shaped when partially rolled up, especially in strong winds. This foam not only helps with sail performance but also protects the sail when it’s furled.

What are the most common sails?

The sloop rig sailboat is the most common and usually features a mainsail, a headsail, and an additional light-wind sail, such as a spinnaker or Gennaker.

What are the different types of sails?

There are several different types of sails, and we can divide the most common into three categories:

The standard sails:

• Mizzen sail

The light-wind sails

The storm sails:

• Storm mainsail
• Storm jib 

What is a spinnaker sail?

A Spinnaker sail is a large, lightweight downwind sail used at deep angles between 120 and 180 degrees.

What is a Jib sail?

A Jib sail is a headsail that does not overlap the mainsail and is set on the forestay. The Jib can also be set up with a self-tacking system, making it very effective when sailing into the wind.

Is Genoa sail the same as a jib?

People often mix the terms Genoa and Jib. The Genoa is different from a Jib sail as it is larger and overlaps the mainsail, whereas the Jib is smaller and does not overlap the mainsail.

What is a Genoa sail?

A Genoa is a headsail larger than the Jib extending past the mast and overlapping the mainsail. The advantage over the Jib is the larger sail area, making it more effective when sailing off the wind.

How many types of sail plans are there?

Sail plans refer to the configuration and arrangement of sails on a boat or ship. While there are countless customizations and variations, the three most common sail plans are:

Sloop: Characterized by a single mast, a triangular mainsail, and a headsail.

Cutter:  Similar to a sloop but has a single mast and carries two or more headsails.

Ketch: Features two masts, with the aft mast (called the mizzen) shorter than the main mast.

What is a Mainsail?

The mainsail is a triangular sail that flies behind the mast on top of the boom.

What is a Gennaker?

A gennaker is basically an asymmetrical spinnaker. A hybrid sail that combines the characteristics of a Genoa and a Spinnaker, designed for sailing off the wind and often used in light to moderate wind conditions.

What is a Storm Jib?

A storm jib is a small, heavy-duty sail used in strong winds or stormy conditions. It is commonly used when the headsail has been furled to the point where it is no longer effective.

What factors determine the type of sail to be used?

The type of sail to be used depends on various factors such as wind conditions, points of sail, sailboat size , and sailing experience. It’s smart to choose the appropriate sail for optimal performance. A Jib, for example, will be more effective than a Genoa while sailing to windward, and vice versa.

How do sails affect the performance of a sailboat?

Sails are the engine of a sailboat. Their design, size, and trim influence the boat’s speed, direction, and stability. Properly adjusted sails capture wind efficiently, allowing the boat to move faster and in the desired direction.

The balance and condition of the sails also impact comfort and safety, with well-maintained sails ensuring optimal performance. The sails are essential in determining how a sailboat performs in various wind conditions.

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Skipper, Electrician and ROV Pilot

Robin is the founder and owner of Sailing Ellidah and has been living on his sailboat since 2019. He is currently on a journey to sail around the world and is passionate about writing his story and helpful content to inspire others who share his interest in sailing.

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Names of Sails: A Comprehensive Guide

by Emma Sullivan | Jul 16, 2023 | Sailboat Racing

Short answer: Names of sails

Sails on a sailing vessel are identified by various names based on their purpose and position. Main types include the mainsail, jib, genoa, spinnaker, staysail, mizzen, and more. Each sail serves a specific function in maneuvering the boat and harnessing wind power for propulsion.

Names of Sails: Exploring the Fascinating World of Sail Terminology

When it comes to sailing, a world of rich and captivating terminology unfolds. From jibs to mainsails and spinnakers, each sail on a boat has its own unique name and purpose. In this blog post, we invite you to join us on an exciting journey as we delve into the enchanting world of sail terminology.

To grasp the intricacies of sails, let’s start with the grandest one—the mainsail. Sometimes referred to as the “workhorse” of sailing, this large triangular sail is hoisted up the mainmast and plays a crucial role in powering the boat forward. The mainsail harnesses the energy from the wind, propelling sailors towards their destination with grace and precision.

Next up is the headsail family. These sails are located forward of the mainmast and come in various shapes and sizes based on their specific functions. Take for example the jib—a versatile triangular sail extending from the headstay that helps maintain balance by generating lift from windward pressure. Its smaller sibling, known as a genoa, boasts an increased area for enhanced performance in light winds.

For those seeking more speed and excitement under certain conditions, there’s nothing quite like a spinnaker. Often described as majestic flying parasols, these colorful sails billow out from tall poles called spinnaker poles or bowsprits to capture maximum wind power when sailing downwind or at broad reaching angles. Watching a perfectly trimmed spinnaker dancing against clear blue skies is undoubtedly one of sailing’s most breathtaking sights.

Another intriguing member of our sail terminology expedition includes staysails. Positioned between headstays and masts or other stays, staysails assist in fine-tuning aerodynamics while maximizing propulsion potential during specific points-of-sail such as close-hauled or beam-reaching situations.

It’s worth mentioning gaff sails too—the traditional companions of classic boats and yachts. Gaff sails feature a spar known as a gaff, which extends the head of the sail beyond the mainmast and gives it an elegant and timeless appearance.

Now, let’s add some witty sail trivia to our voyage through sail terminology! When a sailor mentions a racing yacht carrying multiple headsails, they refer to this setup as having “baggage on the bobstay.” This playful phrase originated from nautical slang and has since become a favorite among sailing enthusiasts who enjoy colorful expressions.

Moving away from light-hearted anecdotes, let’s discuss how vital sail terminology is for effective communication on board. Accurate identification and clear understanding of different sails allow team members to work in synchrony while adjusting sails based on prevailing wind conditions. Moreover, precise terminology helps sailors convey specific instructions without ambiguity or confusion during critical moments at sea.

As we conclude our exploration today, we hope you’ve enjoyed venturing into the fascinating world of sail terminology with us. The names of sails not only represent functional parts of a boat but also encompass centuries-old maritime heritage, technical precision, and even humor. Next time you find yourself on deck or engaging in sailing conversations with fellow enthusiasts, impress them with this newfound knowledge and remember that behind each name lies an incredible story waiting to be discovered. So set your course towards unraveling more captivating aspects of sailing—there’s always more beyond the horizon!

How Names of Sails Reflect Their Purpose and Design

When it comes to sailing, every aspect of the boat is carefully designed and constructed with a specific purpose in mind. From the hull to the rigging, each element plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth navigation and optimal performance. One of the most fascinating aspects of sailboat design is how the names of sails themselves reflect their purpose and functionality.

Let’s start with one of the most recognizable sails – the mainsail. Just as its name suggests, the mainsail takes center stage on any sailboat. It is typically located on the main mast and serves as the primary driving force behind propulsion. Its size and shape are carefully tailored to catch as much wind as possible, generating forward thrust that propels the boat forward with power and grace.

Moving on to another important set of sails known as headsails or jibs, their names convey their position on the boat. Jibs are generally smaller triangular-shaped sails that are positioned near or in front of the mast. They work in tandem with other sails to maximize efficiency by capturing wind from different angles. Often used for upwind sailing, jibs play a key role in maneuvering smoothly against opposing wind currents.

Now let’s delve into more specialized sail types that have intriguing names associated with them. The gennaker, for example, combines elements of both a genoa (a large headsail) and a spinnaker (a special type of lightweight sail flown from a separate mast). This fusion creates a versatile sail that can be deployed in various wind conditions and angles, making it ideal for reaching or running before strong winds while maintaining control over your vessel.

Another notable example is the staysail, which derives its name from how it “stays” or connects to one or more fixed points on the mast (such as stays). These smaller triangular sails provide additional stability by reducing heeling (sideways tipping) caused by strong gusts during heavy weather conditions. Staysails are often found on cruising sailboats, offering sailors more control in challenging circumstances.

Lastly, the spinnaker, often seen as the vibrant and colorful sail unfurled from a separate boom or mast at the front of the boat, symbolizes excitement and adventure. The name itself hints at its main purpose – to “spin” off wind that is directly behind the vessel. This fantastic sail is designed to catch wind from an angle where other sails might struggle. Its ability to harness gusts from all directions adds an element of fun and thrill to sailing adventures.

While these examples represent just a small fraction of the diverse range of sail types and their names, they demonstrate how every element in sailboat design has a purposeful name reflecting its functionality and design characteristics. These names not only convey technical information but also carry a sense of history and tradition within the sailing community.

So next time you find yourself on a beautiful boat gliding gracefully through the water, take a moment to appreciate the well-thought-out names of its sails. They hold a story about their purpose, functionality, and their contribution to your thrilling sailing experience.

Step by Step Guide to Understanding and Identifying Different Names of Sails

Welcome to our step by step guide that will help you understand and identify the different names of sails commonly used in sailing. Sailing can be a complex and fascinating hobby, and being able to recognize the various types of sails is essential for any sailor.

1. Mainsail: Let’s start with the most important sail on any boat, the mainsail. This is the largest sail on a typical sailboat and is usually attached to the mast and boom. It provides the primary propulsion for the boat, utilizing wind power to move forward. The mainsail is a crucial component of sail trim and plays a vital role in controlling the speed and direction of your vessel.

2. Jib: The jib is another common type of sail found on most sailboats, positioned at the front of the vessel. It works in conjunction with the mainsail, providing additional propulsion by capturing wind from different angles than the mainsail. Jibs come in various shapes and sizes, such as genoas or working jibs, depending on different sailing conditions.

3. Genoa: Speaking of genoas, this particular type of jib is larger than a standard jib and overlaps behind or partially overlaps with the mast when unfurled. Genoas are excellent for light winds as they provide more surface area to capture even gentle breezes efficiently.

4. Spinnaker: When it comes to downwind sailing or sailing with clear air flow from behind, nothing beats a spinnaker. A colorful and often vibrant piece of fabric resembling a parachute shape, it captures wind from astern (behind) instead of over your shoulder like traditional headsails do. Spinnakers allow sailors to capitalize on downwind passages while offering a mesmerizing display across open waters.

5. Gennaker: Somewhere between a genoa and spinnaker lies an exciting hybrid called a gennaker – created by combining elements from both. The gennaker offers versatility and ease of handling since it can be flown without the need for additional equipment, such as spinnaker poles. This sail is perfect for sailing in light to moderate winds, making it a great choice for cruising sailors.

6. Storm sails: For those who are intrepid enough to face tough weather conditions, storm sails are vital components of their arsenal. These specialized sails are much smaller than regular headsails and mainsails, designed to withstand high winds and heavy seas during stormy weather. Storm jibs and storm trysails help reduce the surface area exposed to fierce gusts while maintaining control over your vessel.

7. Mizzensail: Lastly, we have the mizzensail, often found on larger sailboats and classic schooners with multiple masts. It is positioned aft (towards the back) of the boat near the stern mast or mainmast and assists in balancing the forces acting upon a vessel’s sails. The mizzensail helps improve stability by allowing sailors more control over lateral movement.

Now that you have an understanding of these different types of sails commonly encountered in sailing, you’ll be better equipped next time you set foot on a sailboat or engage in discussions with fellow enthusiasts! Remember that mastering sail identification takes time and practice; learning about how each sail functions will empower you to make informed decisions on which one is most suitable for any given situation—a skill that will undoubtedly elevate your sailing experience to new heights!

Unraveling Common FAQs About Names of Sails: Everything You Need to Know

Sailing is an exhilarating sport that requires both skill and knowledge of the various components that make up a sailboat. One crucial element of sailing is understanding the different types of sails and their unique names. While it may seem like a daunting task to grasp all these terms, fear not! In this article, we will unravel some common frequently asked questions about the names of sails, providing you with everything you need to know.

1. What are the primary types of sails?

When it comes to sails, there are several main types you should familiarize yourself with: mainsail, genoa/jib, spinnaker, and staysail. Each serves a specific purpose on a sailboat and can greatly impact your overall performance on the water.

The mainsail is usually positioned behind the mast and receives wind from above; it is responsible for generating most of your forward propulsion. The genoa/jib is often located at the bow (front) of the boat and enhances your ability to sail upwind by capturing wind from either side. The spinnaker, typically used when sailing downwind, is designed for maximum speed and excitement. Lastly, the staysail provides additional power when conditions get rough or during specific maneuvers.

2. How do I differentiate between a jib and a genoa?

While both jibs and genoas serve similar functions as headsails on a sailboat, there are distinct differences between them. A jib refers to any triangular headsail that attaches directly to the forestay (the wire supporting the mast) without overlapping with other sails behind it.

On the other hand, a genoa is also a triangular headsail but extends beyond the forestay toward the sides of your boat’s mast – overlapping with either another headsail or even mainsail – thus increasing its effectiveness in light winds.

3. What is a spinnaker, and what makes it unique?

The spinnaker is a large, colorful sail specifically designed to maximize speed when sailing downwind. Unlike other sails that focus on creating lift, the spinnaker’s primary function is to catch as much wind as possible and propel your boat forward.

With its impressive size and vibrant colors, handling a spinnaker requires skill and coordination from the crew. It adds a thrill factor to your sailing experience as you harness the power of the wind while gliding through open waters.

4. Why might I need a staysail?

Staysails are small headsails that provide versatility and stability in various weather conditions. When winds pick up or you encounter challenging situations, deploying a staysail can help balance your boat by redirecting some of the airflow away from other larger sails.

Additionally, staysails can also be used independently for sailing directly into heavy winds – offering better control over your vessel’s maneuverability without relying solely on larger sails like the mainsail.

5. Are there any additional specialty sails worth mentioning?

Indeed! Alongside the main types of sails, there are specialized options such as gennakers and code zeros that cater to specific sailing conditions.

A gennaker blends features of both genoas and spinnakers, allowing sailors to use it efficiently when reaching (sailing diagonally downwind). It offers more control compared to a traditional spinnaker but still provides exceptional speed in favorable conditions.

Code zeros are effective when attempting close-hauled sailing at high speeds in light winds. These sails combine characteristics of genoas and asymmetric spinnakers while maintaining an aerodynamic profile suited for efficient upwind performance.

In conclusion, understanding the different names of sails plays an essential role in becoming a proficient sailor. Whether it’s grasping the distinctions between jibs and genoas or comprehending how specialty sails like gennakers operate, this knowledge will enhance your sailing experience and allow you to maximize your boat’s performance in various wind conditions. So, grab a sail and get ready to embark on your next exhilarating adventure on the open waters!

From Gaff Rig to Genoa: A Deep Dive into Popular Names of Sails

Introduction:

Ah, the world of sailing! There’s something magical about gliding through the water, relying solely on the power of the wind. Yet, while many aspects of sailing can seem mysterious to those not well-versed in nautical terminology, one area stands out in its fascinating complexity – sails. These magnificent pieces of fabric have been an integral part of seafaring for centuries, and their names alone often evoke a sense of adventure and timeless tradition. In today’s blog post, we embark on a journey through sail history, exploring popular names such as Gaff Rig and Genoa, uncovering their origins, purposes, and unique characteristics.

1. The Classic Gaff Rig: Our exploration begins with the classic Gaff Rig – an iconic sail design that evokes images of vintage ships gracefully slicing through the waves. Picture soaring masts and triangular-shaped sails – this is the Gaff Rig at its finest. Originating in the mid-17th century, it became synonymous with traditional schooners and fishing vessels worldwide.

What sets the Gaff Rig apart is its distinctive spar called a gaff (hence the name), which supports a top-sail extending above the main sail. This setup provides additional surface area to catch more wind efficiently. It also grants sailors increased control by enabling adjustments to individual sails without affecting others.

2. The Mighty Genoa: Fast forward to modern times, where we encounter a sail design known as Genoa – an impressive sight typically associated with sleek racing yachts or luxury cruisers setting sail toward exotic destinations. Unlike the traditional triangular shape seen in Gaff Rigs, Genoas feature a much larger fore-and-aft section when compared to their luff (leading edge). This results in greater efficiency when sailing close-hauled (into-the-wind), making them particularly suitable for competitive racing.

Named after the Italian coastal city of Genoa, known for its rich sailing heritage, the Genoa sail design has evolved over time to cater to various boat sizes and wind conditions. It can be found in a range of sizes, categorized by percentage measurements relative to the boat’s foot length. A popular option is the 150% Genoa, which extends beyond the boat’s lifelines, maximizing surface area and boosting speed.

3. A Spin on Sailing with the Spinnaker: As we plunge further into our exploration of sail names, we can’t overlook a true showstopper – the Spinnaker. This particular sail deserves its own spotlights due to its sheer beauty, eye-catching shape, and unrivaled performance downwind.

The Spinnaker is a specialty sail primarily used during downwind sailing when the wind comes from behind the vessel. Its unique design resembles a colorful parachute-like structure that majestically fills with air as it captures every gust of wind available. Offering exceptional speed and stability, this sail is often seen flying high above racing yachts as they chase victory or cruising boats looking to add an extra touch of elegance to their journeys.

Conclusion:

And so our deep dive into popular names of sails comes to an end – traversing through time and across different sailing styles. From Gaff Rigs reminiscent of seafaring days gone by, to modern-day Genoas built for speed and competition, all the way to Spinnakers adding an undeniably aesthetic element on board; sails have always captured our imagination while serving as essential tools in mankind’s quest for maritime discovery. Whether you’re a seasoned sailor or an aspiring landlubber wishing for a taste of adventure, understanding these fascinating names will undoubtedly enhance your appreciation for this timeless art form. So next time you find yourself near a marina or hearing tales from fellow sailors at sea – remember how much history and ingenuity lies within the humble sails that help hoist our dreams.

The Language of Wind: Decoding the Language Behind the Names of Sails

Sailing has always been a captivating and exhilarating experience, allowing us to harness the power of the wind to navigate through vast oceans. However, have you ever stopped to wonder about the language behind the names of sails? These seemingly simple terms carry with them a rich history and purpose. In this blog post, we dive into the fascinating world of sails and unravel their hidden meanings.

1. Main Sail: Unleashing the Powerhouse

At first glance, one might think that the term “main sail” is nothing more than a straightforward description of the largest sail on a boat. However, there’s more to it than meets the eye. The word “main” signifies importance or primary position, highlighting its central role in powering and steering the vessel. It represents the backbone of any sailing adventure, capturing and transforming wind energy into propulsive force.

2. Jib: Dancing with Precision

Aboard most sailboats, you’ll find a smaller triangular sail known as a jib. Its name originates from an Old French word meaning “gibe” or “shift.” The jib embodies agility and finesse for sailors seeking maximum speed and maneuverability. As it dances gracefully at the bow (the foremost part) of a boat, this sail allows skilled sailors to swiftly change directions even in challenging wind conditions.

3. Spinnaker: Embracing Adventure

Picture yourself gliding across azure waters on a sun-kissed afternoon – chances are high that you’re under a spinnaker! Derived from both English and Dutch origins meaning “to spin,” this impressive sail invites thrill-seekers to embrace adventure at its finest. This billowing beauty captures winds off-angle from behind your vessel, giving you an adrenaline rush as you explore new horizons with ease.

4. Genoa: Savoring Gentle Breezes

Named after one of Italy’s beautiful coastal regions, Genoa symbolizes the synergy between sailing and leisure. This large foresail gracefully embraces gentle breezes, allowing sailors to relish peaceful moments on calm seas. The name “Genoa” serves as a reminder of the serene escape that awaits those who prioritize tranquility and a slower pace while traversing tranquil waters.

5. Gennaker: Evolving Innovation

As technology advances, so does the language of sails. The gennaker, a relatively recent addition to our sail vocabulary, signifies progress and forward-thinking design. Combining features of both the genoa and spinnaker, this versatile sail fosters efficient navigation in varied wind conditions. Its name reflects the innovative spirit behind its creation – constantly evolving to optimize performance.

Unveiling the language behind the names of sails reveals a captivating world where tradition meets innovation. Each term carries hidden meanings that connect sailors with centuries of sailing heritage, imparting a sense of purpose and adventure onto their nautical journeys. So next time you set sail, take a moment to appreciate not only the beauty but also the stories hidden within these exquisite sails – for they speak volumes about our enduring fascination with wind-driven exploration.

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Boat Sailor

Type of sails: a comprehensive guide to sails.

As an avid sailing enthusiast and advisor, I am excited to share a complete guide to different types of sails for sailboats. Choosing the right sail is crucial for optimizing sailing performance and ensuring safety in various weather conditions. In this article, we will explore the main type of sails, their advantages, and when to use them effectively. So let’s set sail and delve into the world of sails!

The Main Types of Sails

Mainsail: The Backbone of Sailing

The mainsail, being the largest and most essential sail on a sailboat, plays a central role in driving the vessel forward. It is a fore-and-aft rigged sail attached to the mast and the boom. Mainsails are incredibly versatile and suitable for various wind conditions, making them the go-to sail for most situations. They are easy to steer, even in light winds, making them ideal for relaxed cruising.

Headsail/Jib: Your Go-To Sail for Safety

The headsail, also known as a jib , is a smaller sail located forward of the mast. Its primary purpose is to maintain stability and balance the boat in strong winds. When the wind picks up, the mainsail can become overpowering, and that’s when the headsail steps in to ensure safe and controlled sailing. It’s like having a safety net during rough weather conditions.

Genoa: Power and Versatility Combined

The genoa is a type of headsail that offers more sail area and power compared to a standard jib. It’s perfect for boosting speed and maneuverability, especially in light winds. Genoas are incredibly versatile, making them an excellent choice for sailors who want to get the most out of their sailboat in various conditions.

Sailing Ship Rigs: A Historical Perspective

In the era of the “golden age of sail,” different sail plans were used on sailing vessels to optimize their performance and accommodate smaller crews.

Fore and Aft Rig

The fore-and-aft rig, consisting of sails aligned along the length of the boat, includes popular designs like schooners and sloops. These rigs required smaller crews and were well-suited for coastal and fishing trades.

Square topsail schooners with athwart sails were also prevalent during that time. They were used for cargo ships and long voyages, but their complex rigging required larger crews to handle the sails effectively.

The Golden Age of Sail

This period marked the peak of sailing ship technology and saw remarkable advancements in shipbuilding and sail design. It’s a fascinating chapter in the history of sailing that continues to inspire sailors to this day.

Type of Sails Names: Decoding the Terminology

Mainsail and Foresail

The mainsail, as mentioned earlier, is the principal sail that catches the wind to move the boat forward. Foresail is a general term that includes various sails positioned near the bow of the sailboat, such as the jib and genoa.

Genoa and Jib

The genoa and jib are both types of foresails. The genoa is larger and overlaps the mainsail, providing additional power and efficiency. The jib, on the other hand, is smaller and is used when the wind is stronger.

Staysail and Spinnaker

Staysails are triangular sails set between masts and stays, used to improve stability and balance. Spinnakers are large, balloon-shaped sails used for downwind sailing, providing an extra boost of speed.

Choosing the Right Sail for Different Conditions

Sailing in Light Winds

In light winds, the mainsail is your best friend. It’s highly efficient and capable of catching even the slightest breeze, propelling the boat forward smoothly.

Sailing in Strong Winds

When the wind picks up, it’s time to rely on the headsail or jib. These sails provide a reduced surface area, preventing the boat from becoming overpowered and ensuring a controlled sail.

Navigating Challenging Weather

Different weather conditions call for different sails. Understanding the intricacies of each sail and when to use them will help you navigate through challenging weather with ease.

Type of Sails Materials: Quality Matters

Traditional Canvas Sails

Traditional canvas sails, made of materials like cotton or linen, were commonly used in the past. While they offer a classic charm, their performance and durability have limitations compared to modern sail materials.

Modern Sail Materials

Today, sail manufacturers utilize advanced materials like Dacron, Mylar, and Kevlar. These materials offer superior strength, low stretch, and better shape retention, contributing to improved sailing performance.

Pros and Cons of Each Material

Understanding the pros and cons of different sail materials will help you make an informed decision when purchasing or maintaining your sails.

Understanding Sail Shapes and Configurations

The Science of Sail Shape

Sail shape is crucial for maximizing performance and efficiency. Properly trimmed sails allow you to sail efficiently, whether you’re sailing upwind or downwind.

Balancing Performance and Stability

Finding the right balance between performance and stability is essential. Adjusting sail shape and trim can significantly impact your sailing experience.

Fine-Tuning Sail Trim

Sail trim is an art form. Mastering the art of fine-tuning sail trim will make you a more skilled sailor and enhance your overall sailing experience.

The Evolution of Sail Designs

From Classic to Cutting-Edge

Sail design has come a long way. From classic traditional sails to modern, innovative designs, sailmaking has witnessed significant evolution.

How Technology Impacted Sail Design

Technological advancements have revolutionized sailmaking, resulting in more efficient, aerodynamic, and performance-oriented sails.

Innovation in Sailmaking

Sailmakers are continually exploring new materials and construction techniques to create sails that are lighter, stronger, and more efficient than ever before.

Sailing Techniques: Getting the Most Out of Your Sails

Tacking and Gybing

Tacking and gybing are essential sailing maneuvers used to change the direction of the boat and optimize the use of wind.

Maximizing Speed

To get the most out of your sails, understanding how to trim them properly and sail at optimal angles is crucial for achieving higher speeds.

Safety Precautions

Sailing is exhilarating, but safety should always be a top priority. Understanding safety procedures and precautions will ensure a safe and enjoyable sailing experience.

Maintaining and Storing Sails

Sail Care and Maintenance

Proper care and maintenance are essential to prolong the life of your sails and keep them in top condition.

Storing Sails Properly

When not in use, storing sails correctly can prevent damage and maintain their performance over time.

Extending the Lifespan of Sails

With proper care and attention, you can extend the lifespan of your sails, making them a worthy investment.

Sustainable Sailing: Eco-Friendly Sail Materials

The Impact of Traditional Sails on the Environment

Traditional sail materials, while charming, may have a more significant environmental impact compared to modern, eco-friendly alternatives.

Eco-Friendly Sail Options

Eco-conscious sailors can explore sustainable sail materials that minimize environmental harm without compromising performance.

Embracing Sustainable Practices

As sailors, we have a responsibility to protect the oceans and environment. Embracing sustainable practices in sailing is essential for the well-being of our planet.

As we conclude this comprehensive guide to different type of sails, I hope you now have a deeper understanding of the critical role sails play in sailing. Choosing the right sail and mastering sail techniques will elevate your sailing experience to new heights. Remember, sailing is an ever-evolving journey of learning and adventure.

Which sail is best for light winds?

The mainsail is the most suitable sail for light winds as it can efficiently catch even the slightest breeze and keep the boat moving smoothly.

What is the purpose of a genoa?

The genoa is a type of sails that provides additional power and versatility, making it an excellent choice for boosting speed and maneuverability in various wind conditions.

What sail material is most durable?

Modern sail materials like Dacron and Kevlar offer superior strength and durability compared to traditional canvas sails made of cotton or linen.

How do I maintain my sails?

Proper care and maintenance, including regular cleaning and inspection, will help prolong the life of your sails and ensure they perform optimally.

Are there eco-friendly sail options?

Yes, eco-conscious sailors can opt for sustainable sail materials that minimize environmental impact, contributing to a greener and more sustainable sailing experience.

Michael Thompson

Embarking on a lifelong love affair with the sea, I found solace and exhilaration in the art of sailing. From navigating treacherous waters to harnessing the wind's untamed power, my passion has evolved into a mission to inspire others. Join me on a voyage of discovery as we explore the vast horizons of sailing's timeless allure.

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The different types of sails and their uses

Discover the different types of sails and their uses to optimize your sailing performance and enjoy the freedom and fulfillment of exploring the open sea.

The Different Types of Sails and Their Uses

Sailing is an incredible way to explore the world, spend quality time with family, and embrace the freedom of the open sea. As you embark on your sailing adventure, it’s essential to understand the different types of sails and their uses. This comprehensive guide will provide you with the knowledge you need to navigate your journey confidently.

Table of Contents

Introduction to sails, symmetrical spinnakers, asymmetrical spinnakers, sail materials and construction.

Sails are the driving force behind any sailing vessel, harnessing the power of the wind to propel the boat forward. They come in various shapes, sizes, and materials, each designed for specific sailing conditions and purposes. Understanding the different types of sails and their uses will help you make informed decisions when selecting sails for your boat and optimizing your sailing performance.

The mainsail is the primary sail on a sailing vessel and is typically hoisted on the aft side of the mast. It is a triangular sail with its leading edge (or luff) attached to the mast and its foot running along the boom. Mainsails are essential for providing the boat with forward propulsion and play a significant role in steering and balancing the vessel.

There are two primary types of mainsails: full-batten and partial-batten. Full-batten mainsails have horizontal battens that run the entire width of the sail, providing additional support and shape. Partial-batten mainsails have shorter battens that only extend partway across the sail. Full-batten mainsails tend to hold their shape better and last longer, while partial-batten mainsails are lighter and easier to handle.

Headsails are sails that are set forward of the mast and are used in conjunction with the mainsail to provide additional propulsion and balance. There are several types of headsails, each with its unique characteristics and uses.

A jib is a triangular sail that is set forward of the mast and is attached to the forestay, a wire that runs from the masthead to the bow of the boat. Jibs come in various sizes, with smaller jibs being more suitable for strong winds and larger jibs providing more power in light wind conditions. Jibs are essential for upwind sailing, as they help to direct the airflow around the mainsail, increasing its efficiency.

A genoa is a type of jib that is larger than a standard jib, extending past the mast and overlapping the mainsail. Genoas are designed to provide maximum sail area and power in light to moderate wind conditions. They are particularly useful for upwind sailing, as their large size helps to generate more lift and drive the boat forward. However, genoas can be more challenging to handle than smaller jibs, especially in strong winds or when tacking.

Spinnakers are large, lightweight sails designed for downwind sailing. They are typically set forward of the jib and are not attached to the forestay. Instead, they are held out by a pole called a spinnaker pole, which is attached to the mast and the sail’s clew (the lower aft corner of the sail). Spinnakers are used to catch the wind from behind, providing significant power and speed when sailing downwind.

A gennaker, also known as a cruising spinnaker or code zero, is a hybrid sail that combines the characteristics of a genoa and a spinnaker. Gennakers are designed for reaching and downwind sailing and are typically set on a furling system, making them easier to handle than traditional spinnakers. They provide more power than a genoa in light wind conditions and are more stable and easier to control than a spinnaker.

Downwind Sails

Downwind sails are designed specifically for sailing with the wind coming from behind the boat. These sails are typically larger and lighter than upwind sails, allowing them to catch more wind and generate more power. There are two main types of downwind sails: symmetrical spinnakers and asymmetrical spinnakers.

Symmetrical spinnakers are large, balloon-shaped sails that are designed for sailing directly downwind. They are symmetrical in shape, with the sail’s centerline running vertically down the middle of the sail. Symmetrical spinnakers are held out by a spinnaker pole, which is attached to the mast and the sail’s clew. This allows the sail to catch the wind from behind, providing maximum power and speed when sailing downwind.

Asymmetrical spinnakers, also known as gennakers or A-sails, are designed for reaching and downwind sailing at angles that are not directly downwind. They are asymmetrical in shape, with a longer luff (leading edge) and a shorter leech (trailing edge). Asymmetrical spinnakers are typically set on a furling system and do not require a spinnaker pole, making them easier to handle than symmetrical spinnakers. They provide more power and stability than a genoa in light wind conditions and are more versatile than a symmetrical spinnaker.

Storm Sails

Storm sails are small, heavy-duty sails designed for use in extreme weather conditions. They are used to replace the standard sails when the wind is too strong, providing better control and reducing the risk of damage to the boat and its rigging. There are two main types of storm sails: storm jibs and trysails.

A storm jib is a small, heavy-duty jib that is used in place of the standard jib in strong winds. It is typically set on the inner forestay, closer to the mast, providing better balance and control. Storm jibs are designed to withstand high wind loads and are made from durable materials, such as heavy-duty Dacron or laminate fabrics.

A trysail, also known as a storm trysail or storm mainsail, is a small, heavy-duty sail that is used in place of the standard mainsail in extreme weather conditions. It is typically set on a separate track on the mast, allowing it to be hoisted independently of the mainsail. Trysails are designed to provide better control and balance in strong winds and are made from durable materials, such as heavy-duty Dacron or laminate fabrics.

Sails are made from various materials, each with its unique characteristics and performance attributes. The most common sail materials include Dacron, laminate fabrics, and high-performance fibers, such as carbon and aramid.

Dacron is a durable, low-stretch polyester fabric that is widely used for cruising sails. It is relatively inexpensive and provides good performance in a wide range of conditions. Laminate fabrics are made by sandwiching layers of polyester or high-performance fibers between layers of Mylar film. These sails are lighter and more resistant to stretch than Dacron sails, providing better performance and shape retention. High-performance fibers, such as carbon and aramid, are used in racing sails and offer the highest levels of strength, durability, and performance.

Sail construction techniques also play a significant role in the performance and durability of a sail. Cross-cut sails are made from panels of fabric that are sewn together horizontally, following the natural lines of the fabric’s weave. This construction method is relatively simple and inexpensive but can result in a sail that is more prone to stretch and distortion. Radial-cut sails are made from panels of fabric that radiate out from the corners of the sail, distributing the loads more evenly and providing better shape retention and performance.

Understanding the different types of sails and their uses is essential for any sailor looking to optimize their sailing performance and enjoyment. By selecting the appropriate sails for your boat and the conditions you’ll be sailing in, you’ll be better prepared to navigate the open sea and embrace the freedom and fulfillment that comes from choosing an unconventional path.

17 Sailboat Types Explained: How To Recognize Them

Ever wondered what type of sailboat you're looking at? Identifying sailboats isn't hard, you just have to know what to look for. In this article, I'll help you.

Every time I'm around a large number of sailboats, I look around in awe (especially with the bigger ones). I recognize some, but with most of them, I'll have to ask the owner. When they answer, I try to hide my ignorance. The words don't make any sense!

So here's a complete list with pictures of the most common sailboat types today. For each of them, I'll explain exactly where the name comes from, and how you can recognize it easily.

So here's my list of popular sailboat types, explained:

Bermuda sloop, sailing hydrofoil, dutch barge, chinese junk, square-rigged tall ship, in conclusion, how to recognize any sailboat.

Before we get started, I wanted to quickly explain what you should look for when you try to identify a sailboat.

The type of sailboat is always determined by one of these four things:

• The type of hull
• The type of keel
• The number of masts
• And the type of sails and rig

The hull is the boat's body. There are basically three hull types: monohull, catamaran, and trimaran. Simply said: do I see one hull, two hulls (catamaran) or three hulls (trimaran)? Most sailboats are monohulls.

Next, there is the keel type. The keel is the underwater part of the hull. Mostly, you won't be able to see that, because it's underwater. So we'll leave that for now.

The sail plan

The last factor is the number of masts and the sail plan. The sail plan, simply put, is the number of sails, the type of sails, and how the sails are mounted to the masts (also called rigging ).

Sailboat are mostly named after the sail plan, but occasionally, a sail type is thrown in there as well.

So now we know what to pay attention to, let's go and check out some sailboats!

Dinghies are the smallest and most simple sailboats around.

They are your typical training sailboats. Small boats with an open hull, with just one mast and one sail. Perfect for learning the ways of the wind.

On average, they are between 6 and 20 ft long. Mostly sailed single-handed (solo). There's no special rigging, just the mainsail. The mainsail is commonly a Bermuda (triangular) mainsail. Dinghies have a simple rudder stick and no special equipment or rigging.

Dinghies are great for learning how to sail. The smaller the boat, the better you feel the impact of your trim and actions.

How to recognize a sailing dinghy:

• short (8ft)
• one Bermuda sail
• open hull design
• rudder stick

Common places to spot them: lakes, near docks

If you'd ask a kid to draw a sailboat, she'll most probably draw this one. The Bermuda Sloop is the most popular and most common sailboat type today. You'll definitely recognize this one.

How to recognize a Bermuda Sloop:

• triangular mainsail (called a Bermuda sail)
• a foresail (also called the jib)
• fore-and-aft rigged
• medium-sized (12 - 50 ft)

Fore-and-aft rigged just means "from front to back". This type of rigging helps to sail upwind.

Any sailboat with one mast and two sails could still be a sloop. Even if the sails are another shape or rigged in another way. For example, here's a gaff-rigged sloop (more on the gaff rig later):

If you want to learn all about sail rigs, check out my full Guide to Understanding Sail Rig Types here. It has good infographics and explains it in more detail

The Bermuda sloop has a lot of advantages over other sailboat types (which is why it's so popular):

• the Bermuda rig is very maneuverable and pretty fast in almost all conditions
• it's really versatile
• you can sail it by yourself without any problems
• it's a simple setup

Common places to spot a sloop: everywhere. Smaller sloops are more common for inland waters, rivers, and lakes. Medium-sized and large sloops are very popular cruising boats.

Cutters have one mast but three or more sails. Most cutters are Bermuda rigged, which means they look a lot like sloops.

How to recognize a cutter:

• looks like a sloop
• two or more headsails instead of one
• commonly one mast
• sometimes an extra mast with mainsail

Cutters have more sail area, which makes them faster, but also harder to sail single-handed. There's also more strain on the mast and rigging.

Common places to spot a cutter: everywhere. Cutters are very popular for cruising.

They mostly have a Bermuda rig, which means triangular sails. But there are also gaff cutters and naval cutters, and some have two masts.

Here's an example of a two-masted naval cutter with an extra gaff mainsail and top gaff:

The Hydrofoil is a pretty new sailboat design. It's a racing sailboat with thin wing foils under the hull. These lift up the hull, out of the water, reducing the displacement to nearly zero. The foils create downforce and keep it from lifting off entirely.

This makes the hydrofoil extremely fast and also impressive.

The hydrofoil refers to the keel type. There are both monohull and multihull hydrofoils.

How to recognize a hydrofoil:

• it flies above the waterline and has small fins

Common places to spot a hydrofoil: at racing events

Famous catamaran: La Vagabonde from Sailing La Vagabonde

A catamaran is a type of cruising and racing multihull sailboat with two hulls. The hulls are always the same size.

Most catamarans have a standard Bermuda rig. The catamaran refers to the hull, so it can have any number of masts, sails, sail types and rig type.

How to recognize a catamaran:

• any boat with two hulls is called a catamaran

Common places to spot catamarans: coastal waters, The Caribbean, shallow reefs

The advantages of a catamaran: Catamarans heel less than monohulls and are more buoyant. Because of the double hull, they don't need as deep a keel to be stable. They have a smaller displacement, making them faster. They also have a very shallow draft. That's why catamarans are so popular in the Caribbean, where there's lots of shallow water.

Catamarans are nearly impossible to capsize:

"Compared with a monohull, a cruising catamaran sailboat has a high initial resistance to heeling and capsize—a fifty-footer requires four times the force to initiate a capsize than an equivalent monohull." Source: Wikipedia

How to recognize a trimaran:

• any boat with three hulls is called a trimaran

Trimarans have three hulls, so it's a multi-hull design. It's mostly a regular monohull with two smaller hulls or floaters on the sides. Some trimarans can be trailered by winching in the auxiliary hulls, like this:

This makes them very suitable for long-term cruising, but also for regular docking. This is great for crowded areas and small berths, like in the Mediterranean. It sure is more cost-effective than the catamaran (but you also don't have the extra storage and living space!).

Common places to spot Trimarans: mostly popular for long-term cruising, you'll find the trimaran in coastal areas.

Gaffer refers to gaff-rigged, which is the way the sails are rigged. A gaff rig is a rectangular sail with a top pole, or 'spar', which attaches it to the mast. This pole is called the 'gaff'. To hoist the mainsail, you hoist this top spar with a separate halyard. Most gaffers carry additional gaff topsails as well.

Gaff rigs are a bit less versatile than sloops. Because of the gaff, they can have a larger sail area. So they will perform better with downwind points of sail. Upwind, however, they handle less well.

How to recognize a gaffer:

• sail is rectangular
• mainsail has a top pole (or spar)

Since a gaffer refers to the rig type, and not the mast configuration or keel type, all sailboats with this kind of rigging can be called 'gaffers'.

Common places to spot a gaffer: Gaffers are popular inland sailboats. It's a more traditional rig, being used recreationally.

Schooners used to be extremely popular before sloops took over. Schooners are easy to sail but slower than sloops. They handle better than sloops in all comfortable (cruising) points of sail, except for upwind.

How to recognize a schooner:

• mostly two masts
• smaller mast in front
• taller mast in the back
• fore-and-aft rigged sails
• gaff-rigged mainsails (spar on top of the sail)

Common places to spot a schooner: coastal marinas, bays

How to recognize a ketch:

• medium-sized (30 ft and up)
• smaller mast in back
• taller mast in front
• both masts have a mainsail

The ketch refers to the sail plan (mast configuration and type of rig). Ketches actually handle really well. The back mast (mizzenmast) powers the hull, giving the skipper more control. Because of the extra mainsail, the ketch has shorter masts. This means less stress on masts and rigging, and less heel.

Common places to spot a ketch: larger marinas, coastal regions

How to recognize a yawl:

• main mast in front
• much smaller mast in the back
• back mast doesn't carry a mainsail

The aft mast is called a mizzenmast. Most ketches are gaff-rigged, so they have a spar at the top of the sail. They sometimes carry gaff topsails. They are harder to sail than sloops.

The yawl refers to the sail plan (mast configuration and type of rig).

Common places to spot a yawl: they are not as popular as sloops, and most yawls are vintage sailboat models. You'll find most being used as daysailers on lakes and in bays.

Dutch Barges are very traditional cargo ships for inland waters. My hometown is literally littered with a very well-known type of barge, the Skutsje. This is a Frisian design with leeboards.

Skutsjes don't have a keel but use leeboards for stability instead, which are the 'swords' or boards on the side of the hull.

How to recognize a Dutch Barge:

• most barges have one or two masts
• large, wooden masts
• leeboards (wooden wings on the side of the hull)
• mostly gaff-rigged sails (pole on top of the sail, attached to mast)
• a ducktail transom

The clipper is one of the latest sailboat designs before steam-powered vessels took over. The cutter has a large cargo area for transporting cargo. But they also needed to be fast to compete with steam vessels. It's a large, yet surprisingly fast sailboat model, and is known for its good handling.

This made them good for trade, especially transporting valuable goods like tea or spices.

How to recognize a Clipper:

• mostly three masts
• square-rigged sails
• narrow but long, steel hull

Common places to spot a clipper: inland waters, used as houseboats, but coastal waters as well. There are a lot of clippers on the Frisian Lakes and Waddenzee in The Netherlands (where I live).

This particular junk is Satu, from the Chesapeake Bay Area.

The Chinese Junk is an ancient type of sailboat. Junks were used to sail to Indonesia and India from the start of the Middle Ages onward (500 AD). The word junk supposedly comes from the Chinese word 'jung', meaning 'floating house'.

How to recognize a Chinese junk:

• medium-sized (30 - 50 ft)
• large, flat sails with full-length battens
• stern (back of the hull) opens up in a high deck
• mostly two masts (sometimes one)
• with two mainsails, sails are traditionally maroon
• lug-rigged sails

The junk has a large sail area. The full-length battens make sure the sails stay flat. It's one of the flattest sails around, which makes it good for downwind courses. This also comes at a cost: the junk doesn't sail as well upwind.

The cat rig is a sail plan with most commonly just one mast and one sail, the mainsail.

Most sailing dinghies are cats, but there are also larger boats with this type of sail plan. The picture above is a great example.

How to recognize a cat rig:

• smaller boats
• mostly one mast
• one sail per mast
• no standing rigging

Cat-rigged refers to the rigging, not the mast configuration or sail type. So you can have cats with a Bermuda sail (called a Bermuda Cat) or gaff-rigged sail (called a Gaff Cat), and so on. There are also Cat Ketches and Cat Schooners, for example. These have two masts.

The important thing to know is: cats have one sail per mast and no standing rigging .

Most typical place to spot Cats: lakes and inland waters

Famous brig: HMS Beagle (Charles Darwin's ship)

A brig was a very popular type of small warship of the U.S. navy during the 19th century. They were used in the American Revolution and other wars with the United Kingdom. They carry 10-18 guns and are relatively fast and maneuverable. They required less crew than a square-rigged ship.

How to recognize a brig:

• square-rigged foremast
• mainmast square-rigged or square-rigged and gaff-rigged

How to recognize a tall ship:

• three or four masts
• square sails with a pole across the top
• multiple square sails on each mast
• a lot of lines and rigging

Square-rigged ships, or tall ships, are what we think of when we think of pirate ships. Now, most pirate ships weren't actually tall ships, but they come from around the same period. They used to be built from wood, but more modern tall ships are nearly always steel.

Tall ships have three or four masts and square sails which are square-rigged. That means they are attached to the masts with yards.

We have the tall ship races every four years, where dozens of tall ships meet and race just offshore.

Most common place to spot Tall Ships: Museums, special events, open ocean

This is a bonus type since it is not very common anymore. As far as I know, there's only one left.

The Trabaccolo is a small cargo ship used in the Adriatic Sea. It has lug sails. A lug rig is a rectangular sail, but on a long pole or yard that runs fore-and-aft. It was a popular Venetian sailboat used for trade.

The name comes from the Italian word trabacca , which means tent, referring to the sails.

How to recognize a Trabaccolo:

• wide and short hull
• sails look like a tent

Most common place to spot Trabaccolo's: the Marine Museum of Cesenatico has a fully restored Trabaccolo.

So, there you have it. Now you know what to look for, and how to recognize the most common sailboat types easily. Next time you encounter a magnificent sailboat, you'll know what it's called - or where to find out quickly.

I loved this article. I had no idea there were so many kinds of sailboats.

i have a large sailing boat about 28ft. that im having a difficult time identifying. it was my fathers & unfortunately hes passed away now. any helpful information would be appreciated.

Jorge Eusali Castro Archbold

I find a saleboat boat but i can find the módem…os registré out off bru’x, and the saleboat name is TADCOZ, can you tell me who to go about this matter in getting info.thank con voz your time…

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You may also like, guide to understanding sail rig types (with pictures).

There are a lot of different sail rig types and it can be difficult to remember what's what. So I've come up with a system. Let me explain it in this article.

The Ultimate Guide to Sail Types and Rigs (with Pictures)

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My Cruiser Life Magazine

Types of Sails on a Boat – Complete GUIDE for Cruiserlife

There are dozens, if not hundreds, of names for the many varied types of sails found on sailboats. Sailboats have been plying the waters and oceans of the world throughout history. When sailors had dozens of sails on board, they would need to quickly and concisely identify each sail, and each sail had a specific name. 

Today, most modern cruising sailboats have just a few sails. The most common sails are the mainsail and the jib.

Table of Contents

Common sailboat terms and sail types, points of sail and wind speed, types of rigs, sailboat sail names, types of sails, gaff rig square sails, lateen rig sails, types of sails on a ship, types of sails on a sailboat, faqs – sails on a boat.

A sail’s job is to harness the power of the wind to get the boat moving.  Selecting the right sail combination will get your sailboat moving fast and efficiently. 

The sails each do different jobs in different wind conditions. The mainsail is aptly named. It’s the main sail and can be used in most wind conditions. 

Sailboats may have just one or two sails onboard, or they may have a large assortment. Boats that race usually have many sails so that they can use the best sail combination to win. 

A mast is a strong wood or metal pole that stands vertically on a sailboat. Its job is to provide a stable way of raising the mainsail and keeping the mainsail steady. 

Mizzen Mast

On a two-masted sailboat, the aftmost and smaller mast is known as the mizzenmast. The mizzen sail is hoisted on it.

A boom provides structure and attachment points to the foot, or bottom, of a sail.  

A special line that pulls a sail up to hoist it. When sailors are ready to put away the sail, they can release the halyard, and the sail will drop.

Roller Furler

A device that rolls a sail around a stay or inside a mast. A stay is a sturdy piece of rigging that helps keep the mast in place. A sail that is rolled on a furler can be easier to store and manage.

A hanked-on sail is a sail that doesn’t use a roller furling. Hanked-on sails are more traditional. This sail is stored in a bag instead of on a roller furler. To raise a hanked-on sail, the sailor must walk to the sail’s location and raise the sail using a halyard. 

Apparent Wind Angle (AWA)

The apparent wind angle describes where the wind is coming from in relation to the sailboat. Let’s think of the sailboat as its own compass. The bow of the boat is 0 degrees. The side of the boat is 90 degrees. The stern (back) of the boat is 180 degrees. If the Apparanant Wind Angle is 160 degrees, the boat is headed almost downwind. Different sails are used in different AWA scenarios. 

Close-Hauled

Close-hauled means the boat is sailing upwind. You can’t sail directly into the wind, but you can sail “close” to it. A boat sailing an AWA of 45 degrees is closed-hauled. 

Reaching is often a preferred point of sail because it’s easy to manage. When a boat is reaching, the wind is coming from the side. A boat sailing an AWA of 90 degrees is reaching on a broad reach. At an AWA of 135 degrees, the boat is on a broad reach. 

Sailing Downwind

A boat that is sailing downwind has the wind behind it. So, for example, if your AWA is 180 degrees, you are sailing dead downwind. Spinnaker sails are examples of a downwind sail.

 Light air refers to low-speed speeds. Anything less than about 12 knots is considered light air. Sailors will want to use light air sails to get the most out of light air.

Heavy Air refers to stronger winds. Any wind over 20-25 knots is considered heavy air. Sailors will want to reduce sail and use heavier sails to prevent damage to the sails. 

What type of sails are on a boat depends on the sail’s rig. A sailboat’s rig design describes how many masts it has, where the masts are, and what type of sails it uses. There are different names for each mast configuration. The most common, single mast sailboat is called a sloop.

For example, a Bermuda rigged sloop has one mast, a mainsail, and a jib on the boat’s bow.  A catboat has one large sail on a mast that is forward of the boat’s bow. 

Bermuda or Marconi Rigged Sloop

The Bermuda rig is what is found on most sailing yachts today. The rig type was originally built in Bermuda in the 17th century.  The term “Marconi Rig” comes from Guglielmo Marconi, who invented the radio in the 20th century. The standing rigging reminds people of radio masts.

The Bermuda sloop rig features a single mast with a mainsail attached to a boom. In addition, Bermuda rig sailboats have a jib mounted on the bow. On a fractional rig sloop, the arrangement is the same but the jib is much smaller. Instead of being mounted at the masthead, it is attached lower down the mast.

A lateen or Latin rig is one of the most traditional sail-rigs. This sail type was revolutionary in early history as it allowed sailors to sail into the wind. Before the lateen rig, square sail sailing vessels could only travel downwind. Romans used the lateen rig to navigate Europe. The lateen rig features a triangular sail set at an angle. It has a yard, or spar, at the top of the sail to provide structure. This rig isn’t common on sailing yachts, but it is common in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. 

The ketch features two masts. The main mast is similar to the main mast on a Bermuda rig. The second mast, called a mizzenmast, is smaller and set forward of the rudder. Ketches also have a jib mounted on the bow. Ketches are popular as they allow sailors to carry a large sail area that is manageable. 

A yawl has two masts and is similar to a ketch. However, the smaller mast, or mizzenmast, is set aft of the rudder. A yawl’s mizzen boom overhangs the stern of the boat. 

A schooner has two or more masts. On most masts, the mainmast is usually taller than the foremast. However, some schooners have masts that are all the same height. Schooners might have two, three, or four masts. They often feature gaff-rigged sails. These beautiful, traditional boats were popular from the 17th to the early 20th centuries. 

Gaff-rigged boats can be sloops, schooners, ketches, or yawls. A gaff-rigged boat has a large mainsail attached to the mast. The gaff sail’s foot (the bottom of the sail) is usually attached to a boom. On a sloop, there will be just one gaff mainsail. On a schooner, there will be two gaff-rigged mainsails. The gaff-rigged boat always has more than one sail. For example, gaff-rigged boats may have several headsails. Gaff-rigged boats were popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and won many America’s Cup races. 

A catboat has a mast that is forward on the bow. It usually has one big gaff-rigged sail. It’s different from a gaff rig because it has just one sail. Most catboats are under 26 feet in length. A few catboat designs have Marconi-style sails, which are triangular instead of square. 

Let’s focus on the types of sails carried by most modern cruising boats. Most of today’s cruising and liveaboard boats are Bermuda rigs, followed by ketches and yawls. For the sake of simplicity, we’ll assume that our standard boat with standard sails has a Bermuda rig. 

• Spinnaker Sail

The mainsail is the most important and most used sail on a sailboat. The mainsail is attached to the main mast and the boom. On a Bermuda rig, the mainsail is usually triangular. 

The mainsail is raised up the mast using slides that fit inside a sail track. The mainsail, once raised, provides most of the lift needed to move a sailboat. When wind pushes on the sail, air particles rush over both sides of the sail. The particles on the outside, curvier side of the sail have a longer distance to travel. As a result, they speed up and travel faster and form a low-pressure area. The particles on the inside of the sail are moving slower and create a high-pressure area. The difference produces lift and moves the sail forward.

Most cruising mainsails have reef points. Reef points give sailors the ability to reduce the size of a sail. When it gets too windy, sailors can reef the sail and not overpower the boat or damage it. Sailors need to reef sails to provide a more comfortable ride, keep the boat controllable, and lessen the risk of damage or capsize. A reef point allows the sailor to take down the lowest part of the sail and tie the mainsail at a new, smaller size. 

Mainsails with Battens

Some mainsails are full-batten. A batten is a flexible insert, often made with plastic, that fits in an insert on the mainsail. The battens are in line with the boom and are inserted fore-and-aft. These battens help the mainsail keep its shape and prevent the sail from flapping loosely. 

Mainsails with Partial Battens

A partial batten mainsail features battens that don’t run the whole width of the sail. Because the sail is more flexible without full battens, sailors can more easily adjust the sail’s shape. Battens are heavy, and the added weight might decrease performance, so many sailors choose to have a partial batten sail. 

Mainsails with Square Tops

Some boats have mainsails that, instead of completing the triangle, are squared off. A square top mainsail has more sail area and therefore should improve the boat’s performance. Square top mainsails are popular with boaters that race or want to get the most out of their sails performance. 

Furling Mainsails

Most mainsails are attached to the mast with slides. When not in use, the mainsail sits on the boom in a sail cover. However, there are newer ways of storing and managing mainsails. Furled mainsails are becoming more popular. An in-mast-furled mainsail is similar to a jib on a roller furler. The sail is stored inside the mast and rolled out and rolled back in. 

Some modern sailors opt for boom-furled mainsails. This type of mainsail is stored inside a specially-built boom. The sail is raised by unrolling the sail. Sailors can reef or reduce the sail size by rolling some of the sail back up. 

Headsails are mounted at the head of the boat, usually attached on a the forestay from the bow to the top of the mast. A jib is one of the most common types of headsail.

A jib’s purpose is to generate lift and reduce the mainsail’s leeward side turbulence. A jib can be used in most sailing conditions and apparent wind angles. For example, if the boat is headed downwind, the jib might be flown by itself. Or, the jib might be poled out to port while the mainsail is sailed to starboard. This type of configuration is called wing-on-wing. 

Roller Furled Jibs

Many modern cruising boats have roller furled jibs. The jib can be easily unfurled when the sailor is ready to use it and furled back up for onboard storage. Sailors can reef, or reduce, the sail area by rolling the jib in a small amount. Sailors can control a roller-furled jib with sheets (lines) that lead to the cockpit. 

Hank-On Jib

Hank-on jibs are stored in a bag and raised with a halyard. This requires a sailor to physically move forward to the bow to raise the jib. However, a roller furler requires maintenance and can get stuck, so a hank-on jib might be considered more reliable. 

Headsail Percentage

You might have heard sailors refer to a percentage along with a jib. For instance, a boat might have a 110% jib or a 135% genoa. This percentage refers to how much area the sail uses within the forward triangle. For example, a 100% jib takes up 100% of the fore-triangle. A 115% jib starts to overlap the mast. Most standard jibs are between 100%-115%. 

If a boat sails in an area of heavier winds, it is likely to have a jib as a headsail instead of the larger genoa. 

A genoa is a headsail. This sail is similar to a jib, but it is larger. Genoas overlap the mast. Most genoas overlap the mast by 120%-150%. So if someone says they have a 130% headsail, they have a genoa. Genoas work better than jibs in areas of lighter winds. This is because their larger size allows them to capture more wind. Since many boats have roller furlers on their headsails, a large genoa can be rolled up slightly and flown as if it were a smaller jib when the wind pipes up.

A staysail is smaller than a jib and located just behind the jib sail. When a Bermuda rigged boat has a staysail, it is called a cutter. The staysail offers the sailor an additional sail area. If the boat is headed upwind in good sailing conditions, the staysail will provide lift. The staysail is often used along with a reefed mainsail and provides stability to the boat. 

Downwind Sails

Most sailors dream of downwind sailing. It’s easier on the boat and crew to fly along with the wind at your back. Downwind sailing can also mean light-wind sailing. A downwind sail is often made of lighter sail cloth and provides the most sail area possible.

Symmetrical Spinnaker

A spinnaker is a very large and often colorful sail mounted at the bow of the boat. A spinnaker almost looks like a parachute and is built to offer as much sail area as possible. A symmetrical spinnaker has the same shape on either side of its centerline. 

A spinnaker can be used when the AWA is between 90 degrees and 180 degrees. In addition, they can be flown when the wind is between three knots and up to 20 knots. 

Most boats use a spinnaker pole to give the spinnaker a proper shape. A spinnaker is often considered hard to manage because sailors must spend time to set it up correctly. In addition, it can be challenging to take down if the wind speed increases. This large sail is also challenging to store on a boat. 

Asymmetrical Spinnaker

An asymmetrical spinnaker has a more triangular shape than a symmetrical spinnaker. Asymmetrical spinnakers are known to be easier to set and manage than symmetrical spinnakers. Racers usually prefer symmetrical spinnakers, and cruisers usually prefer asymmetrical spinnakers. 

A gennaker is a combination of the best parts of a genoa and a spinnaker. A gennaker can be mounted on a furler, making it easier to store and manage. A gennaker is attached like a genoa but has more girth like a spinnaker. It is popular among cruisers who want the performance of a spinnaker but the easy handling of a genoa. 

A code zero sail was originally created for racing boats but has become extremely popular on cruising boats. It’s lightweight and can be used in more wind conditions than a spinnaker. It is used to sail in light air and can be used when the sailboat is reaching.

The code zero sail can also be used when the boat is close-reaching or going closer to the wind. Depending on the exact sail plan, code zeros can be used when the apparent wind angle is between 45 degrees to 180 degrees. 

Code zero sails can be flown when the wind speed is between about five knots and 25 knots. Because it is heavier than a spinnaker, it can be used in higher winds. 

Code zeros are much bigger than other furled headsails and can be twice the size of a regular jib. A code zero sail can be stored on a roller furler, making it easy to store and use. 

A drifter is a large sail that’s used in very light winds, usually less than 10 knots. It can be used when the AWA is between 45 degrees and 180 degrees. Because a drifter is large, hard to store, and only usable in the lightest of winds, it is not commonly used on cruising boats. 

Most cruising boats sail in decent weather conditions and can reef their mainsail and jib and keep sailing. However, in storm conditions, a storm sail could be flown. A storm sail is small and made of heavy sailcloth. Its purpose is to keep the boat steady in storm conditions. 

Storm sails can be attached to the forestay or to the mainmast. A storm jib is attached to the forestay, either in place of or over the rolled jib. A trysail is attached to the mainmast. 

A gaff-rigged sail has a spar or pole on the top of the sail. It is also attached to the mast and boom. Gaff-rigged sails look almost square. Because a square has more area than a triangle, these sails have more sail area. The mast on a gaff-rigged sailboat is often shorter than a comparable Bermuda-rigged boat. A gaff rigged mainsail can be shorter because it has increased area.

The lateen sail is triangular and has a spar that runs from the boat’s bow to the top of the sail.

The lateen was the world’s earliest fore and aft rig sail. This type of sail revolutionized transportation during medieval times. The Romans were the first to start using a lateen rig in the Mediterranean. This new style of rig meant that sailors could sail more into the wind. Previously, sailboats were rigged with square sails that could only sail downwind.

Traditional ships had a significant amount of sail area spread across a host of sails. Each sail had a specific name so that sailors could easily communicate. Additionally, each different mast configuration has a different name. Ships can carry up to six masts. A fully-rigged ship is one with square rigs on three or more masts.

Traditional Square-Rigged Sails

Traditional ships came in a variety of sizes. Each ship was built to its own custom specifications. For the sake of simplicity, we’ll look at the rig on an 1850s sailboat. 

This boat has three masts and 25 sails in total. Before engine power, sailors relied entirely on the wind to move their ships. Faster ships meant that produce had less time to spoil. The faster your ship was, the more competitive it was. Arriving with the first batch of sugar or fine wine would gather more interest and excitement at the dock than arriving three weeks later.

This ship has four headsails at the front of the boat. The headsails include the flying jib, the outer jib, the inner jib, and the fore topmast staysail. 

Each mast has five or six sails, and each sail name on each mast starts with the name of the mast. For example, the most forward mast is the foremast. Each sail is a fore-sail. Thus, the foremast’s sails include the forecourse, fore-topsail, foretopgallant, fore royal, fore staysail, and fore moonsail. 

Between the foremast and the mainmast, there are three staysails.

The main mast has the same sails, but each sail name begins with “main” — main course, main topsail, etc. 

The mizzenmast, which is located on the aft of the boat, has five sails. Each sail name starts with the word mizzen –

– mizzen topsail, etc. 

Finally, at the aft of the boat, there’s a gaff-rigged spanker sail. 

As you can see, traditional sailing ships had a large assortment of sails that kept the boat moving in all wind conditions.

Sailors could carry many different sails on a sailboat. If you are into racing, you’ll likely carry a wider variety of sails. Racers often carry sails for every wind condition to get the most speed from their boat. Racing sailboats often have many crew members that don’t mind frequently changing sails.

On a cruising sailboat, the dynamic is different. Often, cruisers may be sailing with just one other person. Space is devoted to supplies and comfort instead of a huge inventory of sails. With a small crew and fewer exacting time restraints, cruisers might not want to change their sails every few minutes. 

Cruising sailboats usually carry at least a mainsail and a jib or genoa. In addition, cruising sailboats that spend a lot of time sailing downwind or in light air might have an additional light air sail, such as a spinnaker, gennaker, or a code zero. 

How many sails are on a boat?

Most cruising sailboats carry at least two sails, the mainsail, and the jib. Many cruising sailboats carry additional sails such as a staysail, code zero, or storm sail. A racing sailboat might carry up to a dozen sails. Traditional sailboats have many sails– a large sailing ship usually carried around thirty sails. 

The number of sails aboard each sailboat depends on the boat’s rig design, the sailor’s goals, sailing area and average wind conditions, and the sailor’s preferences.

Matt has been boating around Florida for over 25 years in everything from small powerboats to large cruising catamarans. He currently lives aboard a 38-foot Cabo Rico sailboat with his wife Lucy and adventure dog Chelsea. Together, they cruise between winters in The Bahamas and summers in the Chesapeake Bay.

7 Different Types of Boat Sails

Posted on July 1, 2022

Sails, like boat hulls and engines, have evolved. For example, the ships that traveled the oceans a little over a hundred years ago had multiple masts and may have had eight to ten sails. Likewise, as recreational boats have evolved, so too have many sail types used by wind-powered vessels.

Many of what was and what is are similar. However, early sailboats had different sails made from canvas. Likewise, the sails of today’s boats use space-age materials very different from the canvas sails of yesteryear.

The size and rig of a boat determine the type of sails it will use and the number it employs. For example, small boats like the Optimist pram, Laser, and sunfish use only one sail. While sloops use two sails, a main and jib, cutter-rigged sailboats have two headsails and a mainsail.

At the other end of the spectrum are ships such as the Golden Horizon with 35 sails that can drive it across the world’s oceans. Square sailboats still had mainsails, topsails, and jibs. However, they cannot sail close to the wind, which the gaff and Bermuda rigged boats could.

A square sailed ship can only get within 60 degrees of the direction of the wind. However, small Bermuda-rigged sailboats can get as close as forty degrees to the wind.

A boat that can sail higher (closer to the direction of the true wind) will reach its destination first. The reason is that it will not need as many tacks to make headway and close its distance to its goal.

Along with their diminished usefulness and the advent of steam, gas, and diesel-powered engines, the great sailing ships of yesteryear are mostly gone or in a floating museum somewhere.

However, in the 1960s and 1970s, many boats came to market. From dinghies to hundred-foot-long sailboats and vessels such as the Maltese Falcon and the Golden Horizon, the creativeness of naval architects still comes through with surprises.

Therefore, sailing is long from dead. On the contrary, even those who power huge ships across the world’s oceans have considered adding sails to reduce fuel usage on their travels.

1. Main and mizzen sails

A mainsail is the largest sail of a boat , and you attach it to the back of the main mast. If you have a boat with two masts, the smaller of the two is the mizzenmast, which carries the mizzen sail. The mizzen is smaller than the main on boats that are Bermuda rigged.

However, gaff-rigged ketches and schooners may have a mizzen sail almost the same size as the mainsail.

Headsails (jibs) are set in front of the mast. You can have jibs for light air, medium air, and storms; of course, they all have different names that are often based on their use.

2. Gaff-rigged sailboats

The boating industry changed slowly. When smaller yachts were being built in the early to middle 1950s, many privately owned sailboats still had gaff rigs, as do a few production boats today.

Catboats, which have a single mast and a single sail, are often gaff rigged. However, even today’s gaff-rigged boats use modern technology to make them more efficient than the boats that came before them.

What is a Gaff rigged boat?

Most modern sailboats use a mainsail called a Bermuda or Marconi sail. These sails are triangular and can be formed into a better foil shape than a gaff-rigged sail.

Gaff-rigged boats have a mainsail that hangs in the same place as modern sails. However, they are rectangular and have an upper boom (gaff) and a lower boom that holds the sail open and shapes it.

Although this type of sail and rig are very effective, the Marconi rig is easier to handle. It does not require a crew of husky sailors to raise and lower the sails.

3. Bermuda rigged sailboat — aka the Marconi sail.

The Marconi sail is a variant of the Bermuda rig that has been used in that country since the 1600s. The Marconi rigged sailboat has a similar sail and got its name during the 1899 America’s Cup Yacht race in New York City.

The rig got this name because it reminded sailors of Guglielmo Marconi’s radio antenna. The wires that held the masts upright looked much like those that held Marconi’s radio antennas in place that he used to broadcast the race results to people worldwide.

The Bermuda-rigged sail is easier to handle than a gaff-rigged sail and is lighter; one person can raise and lower this type of sail. This advantage allowed sailors to go venturing alone because the crew is optional, not mandatory, in a Bermuda-rigged boat.

Sailboats with only one mast are sloop-rigged if the boat has only one headsail and a Cutter if the boat has two headsails.

4. Square sails

This type of sail was used on boats pre-1900 and afterward. Square sails have a top-mounted boom. This sail is trimmed by moving the two lower corners with lines leading to the deck. Unfortunately, square sails, and the boats that use them, are not as efficient or as easy to handle as today’s sailboat rigs.

However, the Maltese Falcon uses an automated square rig configuration with DynaRig technology, which is ingenious. With a length of 289 feet, the Maltese Falcon has a crew of 18. However, one person from the well-appointed bridge can control the automated sail system.

5. Mizzen sails

Modern sailboats that carry mizzen sails include yawl and ketch rigged sailboats. A yawl-rigged boat has the mast stepped behind the rudder, and a ketch has the mast stepped in front of the rudderpost. The difference is minor; however, a ketch will carry a larger mizzen sail than a yawl, giving it more sail and power.

Other sailboats with two masts include the Schooner and the Brigantine (brig). However, on these rigs, the aft mast is taller than the foremast, or almost the same height. 

6. Top sails

Topsails are used on gaff-rigged sailboats and are set above the sail’s top gaff. They fill the upper triangular area above the main and add sail power. However, topsails aren’t limited to gaff-rigged boats.

Many Marconi rigged ketches and yawls will often set a topsail above the mainsail for more power, especially in light air situations.

7. Foresails have many different names and purposes.

The foresail triangle is where all the action has been on the innovation of sails. However, the mainsails have changed over the years, but not like foresails.

The advent of full batten sails, and systems that raise and lower sails with the push of a button, has made sailing easier.

Foresails, on the other hand, (the sails in front of the mast) have evolved into many fantastic purposes.

They will continue to evolve as people push the edges of their speed on the water-powered purely by the wind.

Most modern sailboats have one, two, and sometimes three foresails attached to their roller furling systems. This configuration of a sailboat will let you take down one sail and unfurl another while on the fly.

Roller furling sails, from the jib to the mizzen, are wonderful innovations. Roller furling started on headsail and has moved to the entire rig on many boats. The addition of roller furling to main and mizzen sails has caught on and remained popular for a good reason.

A wet foredeck is scary, and the ability to furl and unfurl your sails from the cockpit or cabin makes sailing easy for almost everyone. In addition, these advances have allowed sailors of advanced years to stay on the water longer.

Self-tacking jib

Jibs are set in front of the mast and often have a boom. With a boom or not, self-tacking jibs eliminate a trip to the foredeck. When you change course, and if it is fitted with a boom, you have a lot of control over it. Also, most jibs fit within the fore triangle, eliminating them from being snagged on the rigging as you go from one heading to the next.

Jibs can be lightweight for light air, minimal, and very strong when the wind picks up. Storm jibs are heavily built and may not be much bigger than a small tablecloth. When you need to put this sail in action, you have reached the point of riding it out, whatever ‘it’ happens.

Jib tops have a foot well above deck level, and are used in conjunction with a second jib, usually the staysail. You can also use a jib top with reachers and spinnakers.

Their high foot (the bottom of a sail) keeps them clear of the deck, leaving you free to work the foredeck.

Keeping a jib top sail flying when setting other sails can keep your boat from stalling while raising and lowering spinnakers, reachers, or a Code Zero.

Genoas are jibs, too.

The Genoa is also a headsail and is called a jib, too, because they are. However, some genoas are so big they will overlap your mainsail. Genoas are described by the amount of overlap of the mainsail it covers or its purpose, such as a genoa staysail.

They can have a 50 to 100 percent overlap of the mainsail, and you can use a genoa on sailboats in light to moderate air. Genoa staysails also remain inside the forestay, and you can use them with other genoas and Code Zero sails.

However, over the years, sailmakers have designed sails for any wind. As a result, there are very lightweight sails for days void of much wind and heavily made sails that can keep your boat stable in a blow.

Special foresails for sailboats

Cutter-rigged sailboats have two headsails. The sail set most forward is the Yankee jib, while the aft foresail is the staysail. Modern sailboats often have second and third halyards that give you many options when choosing what headsail to set.

These sailing innovations have effectively turned most modern sloops into cutter rigs, giving you a great deal of control over how you want and need to sail your boat.

The flying jib gets its name because it is much like a spinnaker, so it flies before the wind. So, naturally, they are set in front of the forestay, often on a fixed or retractable bowsprit.

You can use a flying jib with a spinnaker pole to help it keep its shape, especially in light air. The flying jib will give your sailboat a speed jump, whether you are running downwind or on a reach. 

Another type of foresail, reachers, are very lightweight and are typically used in winds between one and 15 knots when close-hauled and driving into the wind. However, it is also suitable as a downwind sail in light air.

This is the most easily recognized sail beside a typical main and jib. The spinnaker is the big ballooning sail that boats use to sail downwind. This point of sail is called ‘running’ and can take some boats to planing speeds.

Like spinnakers, Code Zero sails are exclusively for downwind sailing. Drifters and genoas can be used downwind also. However, they are not as efficient because they attach inside the fore triangle and can’t reach as far to the left or right when sailing before the wind.

Like spinnakers, Code Zeros are set outside the fore triangle, and you can set them with a spinnaker pole. The sail is designed to catch every puff of wind possible. Code Zero sails are designed to fill the gaps of the dedicated downwind spinnaker.

The Different Types Of Sails And When To Use Them – Complete Guide

Sail forms an integral part of a sailboat. When you sail on the open water and observe other boats (in various sizes), you’d have noticed how each boat type has a specific model of sail. If you’re a beginner in boating, you must know that there are a ton of different sails and they each have their own purpose. 

As a general setup, sailboats will use three common sails, including headsail, mainsail, and specialty sail. Due to the varying wind conditions and the model of the sailboat, there are many types of sails including jib, genoa, trysail, storm jib, code zero, gennaker, and spinnaker. 

While that sounds like too many models of sails, you can easily differentiate between them and choose the ideal model based on your purpose. This article guides you on this aspect. Let’s begin!

Different Types of Sails & When To Use Them

1. mainsail.

Mainsail is by far the most widely spotted sail model, and it’s usually fixed to the boom and fitted behind the mast. This offers the highest mileage to your sailboat, thereby maximizing speed and performance. 

You can use a mainsail if:

• You’re concerned about the performance
• You need to go faster and utilize all wind power 
• You need to steer your boat irrespective of the wind’s status
• You’ve a large boat and can offer adequate space to this sail. 

This mainsail displays a wide surface area to make the most out of the available wind condition. As a result, you can steer your boat quite easily. However, the downside is its size. It is very large and hard to store if you need to take it down for some reason.

Check out my other article all about maintaing sails!

2. Headsail

Similar to a mainsail, it’s very easy to spot a head sail. Just look at the bow of the boat and see if there is a sail. If you see one then yes that’s a headsail. Also called a jib or genoa, a headsail is smaller in size compared to a mainsail and attaches in front of the mast to the forestay. The Foresail will not have a boom for the clew of the sail to attach to. The clew will be attached to the foresails sheet. It can be used without the mainsail in certain conditions but for the most part the two sails are used together. The foresail is always forward of the main.

The headsail comes in many different forms such as a jib, genoa, spinnaker or storm jib. The most common headsail is a jib or genoa.

You can use a headsail if:

• Your sailboat is set up for it.
• You don’t want to use the mainsail at this time.
• Your mainsail is not usable.  

The biggest advantage of a headsail is the option to protect yourself even if the wind turns unpredictable or wild. This all depends on the type of headsail you are using.

So, what are the different types of headsails? Let’s take a look! 

As more boaters chose to use a headsail for their boats, the jib was introduced as one of its forms. The Jib is a form of headsail that is attached to a shackle present on the deck’s front region. 

The Jib is a sail that does not go past the mast when it is raised and in use. If it goes past the mast then you probably have a genoa.

You can use a jib if:

• You are out for a normal day of sailing in moderate wind speeds
• You have a roller furling. Which is a sail that wraps up around itself.

Some weather conditions can make maneuvering harder or tighter than usual. As a result, it’s essential to use a jib in such cases. It functions well with boats containing a roller furling as the jib handles different positions and tackles the movement of the boat at ease. 

2.2 Genoa 

Just when you’ve got acquainted with the jib, genoa comes into the picture as a larger version of the jib. If you’re boating along a coastal region, the genoa sail is the one widely used and is attached to the front area of the deck as well.

Here’s a quick trick to find out if a boat has a genoa sail. This genoa is usually larger than a Jib. This means that the genoa effortlessly overlaps and extends itself beyond the mast, thereby covering the mainsail as well. 

You should use a genoa sail if:

• You’re planning to sail in minimum wind conditions. Less wind means you need more sail.
• You find the wind to originate from the rear area. 
• You own a large boat. Remember that genoa can partially or completely cover the mainsail too. Larger sails for larger boats!

While it’s great for sailing in regular conditions, there are downsides associated with it. A genoa can put you in a dangerous situation if you are sailing in high wind conditions and don’t have the ability to furl in the sail. Furling in the sail will reduce the area of the sail and catch less wind.

Genoas do come in many sizes as well such as 110% or 120%.

The next section of the sail list are ones that aren’t necessary but can be helpful in certain situations. Let’s look at specialty sails!

3. Specialty Sail

While headsails and mainsails are quite commonly used, there are also specialty sails in the market to address specific requirements. Some of the widely seen specialty sails are spinnakers, storm jibs, and code zeros. 

3.1 Spinnakers

Spinnaker is a sail dedicated to downwind and is quite large. Think of a beautifully covered parachute.

It’s easy to spot spinnakers as they resemble kites or parachutes. However, it crosses the bow of the boat and isn’t attached to the forestay.

Unlike the genoa sail that covers the mast, a spinnaker fails to do so. The advantage of a spinnaker is the surface area. When the wind is light, the spinnaker can catch a lot more wind giving you more speed. The Spinnaker is usually fixed to three points – pole, halyard, and sheet.

You should use a spinnaker if:

• You have minimal wind on a run. 
• You are trying to harness as much wind power as you can.

While it has a wide surface area, the downside is its inability to steer the boat during strong wind conditions. It can even put the passengers at risk when the wind is at high speeds. 

Make sure you have experience before trying out the spinnaker.

3.2 Storm Jibs

Storm jib is another type of specialty sail meant exclusively for rough weather. It’s a tiny, triangular structure that helps during offshore racing or cruising. Just think of it as a smaller jib.

You should use a storm jib if:

• You’re going to sail in heavy weather conditions. 
• You anticipate high wind speeds.
• You’re going to be in an offshore race and they are an approved sail type.

Note: In the case of an offshore racing requirement, it’s critical to take prior permission from the regulatory authority for using a storm jib. 

3.3 Code Zeros

Code zero is another updated version of a spinnaker that’s meant to be a combination of genoa and gennaker sails. It resembles the look of a genoa but is a lot bigger. 

You should use a code zero if:

• You’re looking for an overlapping flying headsail. 
• You’re sailing only in light air conditions.
• You’re looking for an alternative to a Genoa. 

Having said that, a code zero or a screecher does the job of a genoa with better efficiencies. 

3.4 Trysail  

Trysail is another type of specialty sail that’s tiny, triangular, and can be fixed right above a gooseneck on the sailboat. 

The Trysail is less known in the market as most boaters go ahead with common mainsails and headsails. It’s essential to acknowledge trysail as a front-and-aft mainsail model. It offers excellent performance and contains a permanent pennant in it. 

You should use a trysail if:

• You’re sailing in heavy weather conditions. 
• You’re looking for a storm replacement. 
• You are experienced with using them.

The quadrilateral sail in a trysail is usually turned and bent to a mast, and this helps in heading the vessel during windy conditions. 

3.5 Gennakers

If you’ve been able to spot genoa and spinnaker in the past, identifying a gennaker is incredibly easy. A gennaker is a hybrid sail form that is small, slow, and requires no pole attached to the mast. 

You should use a gennaker if:

• You’re looking for a smaller version of a spinnaker. 
• You’ve no space to fix a pole to the mast. 
• You require the sail to be easily manageable. 
• You’re sailing in a region requiring minimum downwind levels. 

Choosing a hybrid sail has a lot of benefits as it combines the usefulness of 2 sail models. However, being aware of their cons is critical to planning a safe sail.

As you begin using these sails, you can also look for better customizations. There are drifters, wind seekers, and other jib types that are meant to handle different wind conditions. 

How Many Sails On A Sailboat ?

In general, a sailboat contains two sails. Two sails is the typical setup for the best performance of the boat during different wind conditions. It’s essential to pick your two sails based on your sailing plan.

Why Are There Two Sails On A Sailboat?

A sailboat uses two sails because the wind left over by the first sail is easily caught by the second sail. This helps in steering the sailboat to a better extent and gives the sailboat more power.

Final Thoughts

Sails are one of the major assets of a sailboat. From managing wind to maximizing the performance and longevity of a sailboat, the type of sails you use, plays a huge role. From the various sail types listed in this article, you can choose the best model that fits your sailing routine. Just make sure to remember to check and make sure they are the correct size for your vessel.

Make sure to plan ahead and have the right sails for your sailing weekend. Cheers!

Boatlifehq owner and author/editor of this article.

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Category : Names of sails on sailboats

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• Names of sails on square riggers ‎ (30 F)
• Spanker (sail) ‎ (3 F)

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• De-Gennaker.ogg 1.9 s; 18 KB
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• De-Luggersegel.ogg 1.8 s; 17 KB
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• Types of sails
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What Are Boats With Sails Called? (15 Names To Know)

While the general term for boats with sails is sailing boats, did you know that sailing boats come in all different shapes and sizes specific to the job they need to perform?

There are different classes and subclasses in each category, from cutters to yawls and sailing dinghies to catamarans. The one thing they all have in common is that they use the wind to move.

Let’s take a look at the different types of sailboats and their uses, but first, let us define what a sailboat is:

What Is A Sailboat?

A sailboat or sailing boat is a small boat that uses the power of the wind to move. A sailboat can have from 1 to 5 sails and 1 or 2 masts. The difference between a sailboat and a yacht is usually down to size. Big sailing boats with 2 or more masts are called sailing ships.

Table of Contents

Types Of Sailing Boats Based On Hull Design:

The part of a sailing boat that sits in the water is called a hull, and there are 3 main types of hull:

• the monohull (single hull)
• the catamaran (2 hulls)
• a trimaran (3 hulls)

1. The Monohull:

Monohulls are single-hull sailing boats that come in many shapes and forms.

They are generally very seaworthy, tack or change direction very easily, and are much more maneuverable and responsive than their multi-hull counterparts.

• Monohulls are easy to manœuvre and quicker to respond when steering;
• They are extremely seaworthy;
• Cheaper to buy and to dock in a marina;
• Fun to sail.
• Monohulls ‘heel’ or sail at an angle which not everyone is comfortable with;
• They have less space than multihulls;
• If you’re not on deck or in the cockpit, all main living spaces are below the deck and/or the waterline.

2. Catamarans:

Catamarans, also known as ‘cats,’ are double-hulled boats attached by a ‘bridge deck’ or a trampoline.

Small catamarans used for daysailing or racing will comprise 2 hulls attached with a frame and a trampoline.

In contrast, larger causing catamarans will have a ‘bridge deck’ which houses the helm or steering position and common living spaces like the saloon and the galley (or kitchen).

• The 2 hulls provide excellent stability in so far as your cup of coffee (or beer) will not slide off the table unless you are in extreme weather;
• Cruising catamarans offer great space and more cabins which is why they have become popular with the charter market;
• The added stability means less chance of seasickness, makes it easier to move around, and more importantly, makes the cooks’ job a lot easier when at anchor or under-way.
• Because of the wide bridge deck that attaches the 2 hulls, there can be quite a lot of slamming caused by waves pounding underneath. The noise can be quite disconcerting and takes a bit of getting used to.
• You don’t get the same ‘feel’ from the boat as you do on a monohull, which means you must be extra vigilant about when to reduce sail if the wind picks up.
• Catamarans are much more expensive to buy, and as they take up 2 mooring spaces in a marina, they often cost double to dock.

3. Trimarans:

Trimarans, as the name suggests, come with 3 hulls which consist of the main hull plus 2 side hulls which are used for stability.

Trimarans make fast boats and have gained popularity for both racing and recreational use.

• Trimarans are very stable and fast to sail;
• They are a bridge between a monohull and a catamaran as they offer the performance of a monohull, combined with the deck space and stability of a catamaran.
• Trimarans are more complex to sail;
• Dues to the complex engineering to build a trimaran are more expensive than their monohull or catamaran equivalent.

Types Of Sailing Boats Based On Their Different Rigs:

When we talk about the ‘rig’ of a sailing boat, we talk about the parts that hold up the sails – the mast, the boom, and the shrouds or stays, which hold up the mast.

A sailboat rig can have many different configurations from which you can identify the type of sailboat.

These configurations include the following:

4. Sloop Rig:

A sloop rig consists of 1 mast with 1 mainsail and 1 headsail. This is the most commonly used sailboat rig for both racing and cruising.

The common sloop rig used for cruising means the headsail is attached to the top of the mast.

In racing, it is common to see a fractional sloop rig where the headsail is attached lower than the top of the mast to enable more efficient use of the sails.

5. Cutter Rig:

A cutter rig also has 1 mast and 1 mainsail but has 2 or more headsails which allow for easy sail changes during variable wind conditions when sailing long distances.

6. Ketch Rig:

A ketch rig consists of 2 masts instead of 1.

The main mast will still hold a mainsail and a headsail configuration, either a sloop or a cutter set-up.

The smaller aft or mizzen mast supports a smaller-sized main or mizzen sail.

The main advantage is that this setup allows for smaller sails than a sloop or cutter rig, which are easier to manage by a smaller crew.

7. Yawl Rig:

Yawl rigs supply a similar set-up to a ketch rig.

The difference is that the mizzen mast in a yawl is usually smaller than that of a ketch.

Plus, there is a difference to where the mizzen mast is situated – behind the rudder post in a yawl and a ketch, the mizzen mast is more forward.

8. Cat Rig:

A Cat Rig consists of 1 mast and 1 mainsail.

This is a straightforward setup that is more commonly found in racing dinghies.

A cat rig gives a single-handed sailor the advantage of being simple to handle, making a dinghy very easy to maneuver when racing.​

9. Schooners:

Like a ketch or a yawl, a schooner has 2 or even more masts.

The main difference is that the forward mast is the shortest.

While schooners are beautiful to look at, they are much more complicated and not so efficient as the more modern sloop rig.

Hence this type of rig is not often found in more modern boats.

What Are The Classifications Of Sailboats?

While we can distinguish different types of sailboats by their hull and rig types, modern sailboats are also defined by their different classifications or class.

The following is a list of the most common:

10. Dinghys:

Dinghys have the smallest, simplest, and most popular class of sailing boats.

They have many different hull shapes and rig set-ups.

Dinghies are used for racing, recreational use and are commonly used for teaching.

Popular models include Optimists, Lasers, 420’s for single-handed sailing, and 470’s for twin or double-handed sailing.

11. Day or Beach Catamarans:

These are simple day-sailing catamarans that can be used for racing or family fun.

While multihulls have been available for a long time, the small beach sailor was made popular and affordable in the late 1960s and has become part of popular beach culture.

Well-known models include the Hobie 16, Topaz 14CX, and the Aqua Cat 12.5.

12. Cruising Catamarans:

Cruising Catamarans come in sizes ranging from 30 feet to lengths over 50 feet boats.

They are commonly equipped for long-term cruising and offer luxury, spacious accommodation.

Well-known brands of cruising catamarans include Bali, Catana, Leopard, Lagoon, Fountaine Pajot, plus many more.

13. Cruising Monohulls:

Cruising Monohulls generally start from 30 feet in length and can be anything above this size.

These boats have cabins down below and are equipped for extended cruising.

There are too many popular brands to list here, but many more well-known models have large fleets that offer supported ocean crossings for group and family cruising.

14. Racing Monohulls:

Racing monohulls themselves have many different subclassifications, depending on the size of the boat, the sail plan, and how many crew members are competing.

Some boats used for racing can be the same as a cruising monohull but stripped down to the basics to make them lighter and faster and to have more space down below to store the many different sails used.

15. Motorsailers:

While essentially a sailboat, motorsailers are equipped with large engines and bigger fuel tanks to assist the sails in light winds.

They are normally bigger boats, +35 feet, quite spacious but heavier and slower than their sailing monohull relatives due to the bigger engine and fuel tanks.

Final Thoughts

So as you can see that while a generic term of a sailboat can call a boat with sails, there are many different types of sailing boats out there.

Hopefully, this article has given you information for you to go out and recognize the more common types. Let us know your thoughts below.

The Various Types of Sailboats and Rigs

Types of Sailboats – A Comprehensive Classification

Types of Sailboats and Their Uses

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New York Family: Kid’s Birthday Parties aboard a boat

Have your kid’s birthday parties aboard a boat! It has been a long couple of years but NYC is back and so are planning Birthday Parties!  New York Family shares their list of ideas for all options, whether it is a Birthday Party at home, open air, outdoor celebrations or special in-person they have options for you. Classic Harbor Line is listed as an excellent option for hosting your party!  

Jana Beauchamp says “Classic Harbor Line is an excellent option for small groups looking to add a little magic to their celebratory outing”. 

To book your Children’s Birthday Party take a look at our options ! 

Make sure to read her full article here !

We have something for all our guests, young or old! Schooner Adirondack is an 80-foot, 1890s-style pilot schooner and a gem in New York Harbor. Hoist sail and live out your child’s fantasy. 

Yacht Manhattan is a gorgeous, 80-foot, Twenties-style yacht. She offers elegance and comfort, wrapped in turn-of-the-century tradition. Her all-glass observatory, cushioned seating, and conversation-friendly tables will make any birthday one to remember.

We have a total of 6 boats in our fleet! Check out each special vessel here . 

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